《外国文学》课件05 The Enlightenment

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1、Chapter FiveEnlightenment Literature Introduction疲于为政，倦于效命，试问，我等为官之人，怎能辜负大好春光，滞留在这北国帝京？怎能不去绿野之中，怎能不临清流之滨，把酒开怀，提笔赋诗，一首一首，一樽一樽。歌德歌德中德四季晨昏杂咏中德四季晨昏杂咏十四首之一十四首之一 The Enlightenment lTime Span:Originating about 1650 to 1700,flourished until about 17901800.lKey Word:ReasonlIdeas:to reform society using reaso

2、n to advance knowledge through the scientific method to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith to oppose superstition and intolerance,with the Catholic Church a favorite target lculminated in France in the great Encyclopdie Diderot,Voltaire,Rousseau,Montesquieul a long-term major impact “德先

3、生”&“赛先生”I Features of Enlightenment Literature la rational and scientific approach to religious,social,political,and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility AttentionlLeading Class:the bourgeoisielKey Word:ReasonlContext:compared w

4、ith the Classicism the Enlightenment Literaturelnot as a literary school,but rather the extension or the illustration of the Enlightenment Movement in literature.lthe unclear demarcationlthe lack of a unified literary programme.lconsist of the Augustan literature in Britain the French literature bef

5、ore the French Revolution the“Storm and Stress”Movement in Germany backDare to be wise!(Kant)lEnlightenment is mans emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.1)without the guidance of another2)to use ones reason,intellect,and wisdom 1.the Church and the Monarchy as the target the praise of liberal

6、 monarchs VS the overthrow of the feudalismmore political and revolutionary(Vs Renaissance)a more political perspective to propagandize political or philosophical ideas 2.the extreme rationalism and skepticism Moral Codes VS Natural Reason Enlighten:to make understand,to make free from confusion or

7、ambiguity 1)the emphasis of knowledge especially the scientific knowledge 2)the emphasis on“Freedom”nature=freedom 3.Protagonists:anti-hero Aristocracy VS anti-hero(the bourgeoisie or the civilian)e.g.1)Julie,or the New Heloise 2)The Sorrows of Young Werther 4.the break of Classicisms artistic forms

8、1)Lessing Hamburgische Dramaturgie aiming at the Three Unities2)New Genres:l different kinds of novel:Epistolary Novel,Philosophical Novellthe breakthrough of boundary between comedy and tragedylthe achievements of the long verse drama 3)New Concepts of Genres:【美】伊恩P瓦特：小说的兴起，高原、董红钧译，生活读书新知三联书店，1992年

9、。lWhen did the Chinese novel rise?II Enlightenment Literature in Britain lenormous energy and inventiveness and outrage lan expanding economy,lowering barriers to education,and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution 1.Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe 1)Biography(1661-1731)lan English trader,writ

10、er,journalist,pamphleteer,and spylin 1703:imprisonedlnearly sixty:turned to writing novelslIn 1719:Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe lnotable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel lhelped to popularise the form in Britain la prolific and versatile writer:5002)

11、Robinson Crusoe A.Plot Summary B.Reading:l鲁滨逊漂流记鲁滨逊漂流记三次出海及荒岛余生三次出海及荒岛余生l初刻拍案惊奇初刻拍案惊奇“转运汉转运汉”倒霉的经历倒霉的经历思考：思考：l两人出海的目的是什么？两人出海的目的是什么？l两人各自的背景是什么？两人各自的背景是什么？lRobinson Crusoe the first real Bourgeois in the historylthe propaganda of Bourgeois value lthe facticity of details 2.Jonathan Swift and Gullive

12、rs Travels lthe foremost prose satirist in the English language lTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World.In Four Parts.By Lemuel Gulliver,First a Surgeon,and then a Captain of Several Ships,better known simply as Gullivers Travels Summary lPart I:A Voyage to LilliputlPart II:A Voyage to Bro

13、bdingnaglPart III:A Voyage to Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdrib,and JapanlPart IV:A Voyage to the Country of the HouyhnhnmsReading la systematic rebuttal of Defoes optimistic account of human capability la satirical view of the state of European government 3.Samuel RichardsonPamela:Or,Virtue R

14、ewarded,Clarissa:Or the History of a Young Lady,The History of Sir Charles Grandison 4.Tobias SmollettThe Adventures of Roderick Random,The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker 5.Henry Fielding and Tom Jones 6.British dramas the Licensing Act of 1737 III Enlightenment Literature in FrancelBackgroundFrench

15、 gradual weakening of the absolute monarchythe influence of the Industrial Revolution the new class“The Third Estate”Between 1715,the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France,and 1789,the year of the French Revolution,this century of enormous economic,social,intellectual and political transform

16、ation produced the important literary and philosophical movement.the Enlightenment literature in France:more radical and revolutionary lcritical,skeptical and innovative lquestioning all existing institutions lapplying rationalism and scientific analysis to society lcontributions:the ideas of libert

17、y,toleration,humanitarianism,equality,and progress Representative philosophes lMontesquieulVoltairelDiderotlRousseau a variety of different genres lthe tale illustrating a particular philosophical point lsatire on French life disguised as letters from an exotic country lessays The Spirit of the Laws

18、The Social ContractlComediesBeaumarchais Figaro plays The Barber of Seville,The Marriage of Figaro and The Guilty Mother 1.Montesquieu la French social commentator la political thinker 1)The Spirit of the Laws lthe theory of separation of powers lthe first consistent attempt to survey the varieties

19、of human society,to classify and compare them and,within society,to study the inter-functioning of institutions 2)Persian Letterslthe first philosophical novel famous enough to inaugurate the French Enlightenment literature A.Summary Usbek and Rica five wives a number of black eunuchs B.as an episto

20、lary novel My Lettres persanes taught people to write letter-novels.(Montesquieu)2.Voltaire lFranois-Marie Arouet,known by his pen name Voltaire la French Enlightenment writer,historian and philosopher lfamous for his wit,his attacks on the established Catholic Church,and his advocacy of freedom of

21、religion,freedom of expression,and separation of church and state lthe leader of the French Enlightenment and the most influential philosophe He taught us to live as free men.I disapprove of what you say,but I will defend to the death your right to say it.(Voltaire)1)his works:a versatile writer A.P

22、oetry:the Henriade,The Maid of Orleansthe first epic ever written in French:Henriade B.Play:Oedipus,The Orphan of ChinalBetween 50 to 60 playslOedipus:his first play and the first literary work using the pen-name Voltaire l the artistic form standards of Classicism C.Philosophical Novel:Zadig,Candid

23、e,LIngnulthe sarcastic tone Philosophical novel It refers to works of fiction in which a significant proportion of the work is devoted to a discussion of the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive philosophy.These might include the function and role of society,the purpose of life,ethics

24、or morals,the role of art in human lives,and the role of experience or reason in the development of knowledge.2)The Orphan of China A.his favor of Chinese ethical morality 他是纯理性底健康的阐释者，他是纯理性底健康的阐释者，不眩世骇俗，而启迪人类的智慧，不眩世骇俗，而启迪人类的智慧，他说话，只显得是智者，而不是先知，他说话，只显得是智者，而不是先知，然而人们相信他，在本国也还如此。然而人们相信他，在本国也还如此。（伏尔泰）（

25、伏尔泰）B.the comparison between The Orphan of Zhao and The Orphan of Chinaa.Aim of writingRousseau:Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (nature VS society)“great principle that nature made man happy and good,but that society depraves him and makes him miserablevice and error,foreign to his constitution,e

26、nter it from outside and insensibly change him.”b.Change of the themelthe influence of Chinese morality towards the barbarian conquerors Reading:lAct I,scene ilAct II,scene iilAct IV,scene iilAct IV,scene vlAct V,scene viThink about the change of plots and read：Act II,scene iiiAct III,scene iiilintr

27、oduction of the theme of love between Genghis Khan and IdamReading:Act III,scene ivAct IV,scene ivc.adaption to the Three Unities l“中国剧本的情节延长到二十五年，正如人们称为悲剧中国剧本的情节延长到二十五年，正如人们称为悲剧的莎士比亚和洛卜的莎士比亚和洛卜德德维加的那些畸形的杂剧一样；维加的那些畸形的杂剧一样；那是许多令人难以置信的事变的堆砌。那是许多令人难以置信的事变的堆砌。”（作者献词）l“诚然，这篇中国戏剧并没有其他的美：时间和剧情的诚然，这篇中国戏剧并没有

28、其他的美：时间和剧情的统一统一”（作者献词）l“如果你们还想活，天黑前做个交代如果你们还想活，天黑前做个交代。”（第一幕第四场窝阔塔）l“你那副铁石心肠，一天连作两个恶：逆天性杀子全忠，你那副铁石心肠，一天连作两个恶：逆天性杀子全忠，反爱情休妻救国！反爱情休妻救国！”（第四幕第六场伊达美）l“怎么！您一天之内竟做了两次战俘！怎么！您一天之内竟做了两次战俘！”（第五幕第一场阿色丽）3.Diderot la French philosopher,art critic,and writer la prominent person during the Enlightenment1)the Encyc

29、lopaedia lco-founder,chief editor,and contributor along with Jean le Rond dAlembert lEncyclopaedia,or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences,Arts and Crafts lthe monumental work of the philosophesl35 volumes,with texts and illustration,from 1750 until 1772 2)his contributions to literatureA.the ann

30、ouncement of a new drama“serious genre”B.the dialogue novel Rameaus NephewC.Jacques the Fatalist and his Master 4.Rousseau la French philosopher,writer,and composer l influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political,sociological,and educational thought lthe mos

31、t popular of the philosophes 1)Biography 1712 born in Geneva Father:the trade of watchmaking Mother:from an upper-class familyAge 10 left with his aunt Age 13 apprenticed Age 15 ran away from Geneva and introduced to Franoise-Louise de Warens 1742 moved to Paris became the lover of Thrse Levasseur b

32、ecame a close friend of French philosopher Diderot and contributed numerous articles to Encyclopdie 1749 read about an essay competition sponsored by the Acadmie de Dijon 1750 Discourse on the Sciences and Arts 1754 returned to Geneva 1755 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men pu

33、rsued an unconsummated romantic attachment with Sophie dHoudetot broke with the Encyclopedistes 1765 took refuge in Britain with Hume 1767 returned to France1768 went through a marriage of sorts to Thrse 1770 return to Paris 1778 suffered a hemorrhage and died 1794 moved to the Panthon 他好像这样一个人：这人不仅

34、剥掉了衣服，他好像这样一个人：这人不仅剥掉了衣服，而且剥掉了皮肤，在这样一种情况下被赶出去而且剥掉了皮肤，在这样一种情况下被赶出去和猛烈的狂风暴雨进行搏斗。和猛烈的狂风暴雨进行搏斗。（传记作家莫罗亚，转引自罗素西方哲学史）2)His WorkslDiscourse on the Sciences and Arts论科学与艺术论科学与艺术(1750)lThe Village Soothsayer乡村卜师乡村卜师(1752)lDiscourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men论不平等的根源论不平等的根源(1754)lJulie,or

35、the New Heloise新爱洛依丝新爱洛依丝(1761)lmile,or On Education爱弥儿爱弥儿(1762)lthe Social Contract,Or Principles of Political Right社会契社会契约论约论(1762)lLetters Written from the Mountain山中来信山中来信(1764)lConfessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau忏悔录忏悔录(1770,published 1782)lReveries of a Solitary Walker孤独漫步者的遐想孤独漫步者的遐想(publishe

36、d 1782)3)Confessions lCovering the first fifty-three years of Rousseaus life,up to 1765 lcompleted in 1769,but not published until 1782 ltwo distinct works,each part consisting of six books lfactual inaccuracies laccount of the experiences that shaped his personality and ideas lReadingA.Focus on per

37、sonal experiences and feelingsB.Detailed account of humiliating and shameful moments4)Julie,or the New Heloise lan epistolary novel lLetters from two lovers living in a small town at the foot of the Alps lsubtitle points to the history of Hlose dArgenteuil and Peter AbelardlImportant to the developm

38、ent of romanticism in fictionA.Praise for love and passion beyond social statusBRhapsodic descriptions of the natural beautyReadingIV Enlightenment Literature in GermanylBackgrounda)the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648b)still divided into numerous independent states c)upper classes looked to Franc

39、e for intellectual,cultural leadership d)called for a unification of a kingdom and creating a modern national literature Johann Christoph Gottsched a German philosopher,author,and critic an almost undisputed literary dictatorship lFamous Work:Versuch einer kritischen Dichtkunst fr die Deutschen为德国人写

40、的批判诗学试论为德国人写的批判诗学试论（1730）lContributions:1.German literature being subordinated to the laws of French classicism 2.a healthy corrective to the extravagance and want of taste Gotthold Ephraim Lessing lthe most important German writer,philosopher,dramatist,publicist and art critic lthe most outstanding

41、 representatives of the Enlightenment era lSubstantially influenced the development of German literature His interest in the theatre lagainst the then predominant literary theory of Gottsched lCriticism of the simple imitation of the French example and a serious reception of Shakespeares works His W

42、orkslMiss Sara Sampson萨拉萨拉萨姆逊小姐萨姆逊小姐 lEmilia Galotti爱米丽亚爱米丽亚迦洛蒂迦洛蒂 the first bourgeois tragedies Bourgeois Tragedy Bourgeois tragedy is a form of tragedy that developed in 18th-century Europe.It is a fruit of the enlightenment and the emergence of the bourgeois class and its ideals.It is characteriz

43、ed by the fact that its protagonists are ordinary citizens and it tend to propagate the values of the bourgeois class to which their heroes belong.Their ideal is the virtuous citizen,who is excluded from state affairs and whose intentions are focused on his private life and the life of his family.Va

44、lues like virtue,humanity,individuality and true feelings are cherished in bourgeois tragedies.His theoretical writings lLaocoon拉奥孔拉奥孔 Full Title:Laocoon:An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry Poetry:extended in time Vs Painting:extended in space objected to trying to write poetry using the s

45、ame devices as one would in painting lHamburg Dramaturgy汉堡剧评汉堡剧评lwitty and ironic style and their unerring polemics1.“Storm and Stress”movement(literary)lSturm und Drang:literally Storm and Drive,Storm and Urge,though conventionally translated as Storm and Stress la proto-Romantic movement lto simul

46、taneous developments in prose,poetry,and drama ldistinctly self-conscious of a new aesthetic 1)Origin of the termthe title of a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger（克林格:狂飙与突进）lpublished in 1776 and performed in 1777 lextols individuality and subjectivity over the prevailing order of rationalism 2）Ch

47、aracteristics linfluenced by the thought of Rousseau,who held that the basic veritie of existence were to be apprehended through faith and the experience of the sensesA.Ideal of personality&Abolishment of rules B.the theme of youthful genius C.the enthusiasm for nature D.the intensity of sentiment E

48、.the rise of national consciousness A.Ideal of personality&Abolishment of rules lappeal to no outside authority to save the self nor be tempered by rationalism lfreedom to become anything and to live out his genius to the utmost lRules are abolished and any superiority is defied lPolitics:the antife

49、udal attitudes&the spirit of rebellious sedition lLiterature:the idea of a“characteristic art”B.the theme of youthful genius Genius:an independent individual that only obeys its own rules(independency of any superior power)C.the enthusiasm for nature Nature:the origin of all creation and is somethin

50、g godlike;the embodiment of all life and invention.D.the intensity of sentiment lchief characteristics:great emotional tension and lyricismla lyrically colorful language very strong expressions;the vocabulary of the sentiment(heart,love,feeling etc.);fragments of sentences and sudden interruptions d

51、rama in prose E.the rise of national consciousness lcultural leaders of Europe lPromotion of the rise of national consciousness la prominent role in the formation of a national German literature 3）important members（There is much debate regarding whose work should or should not be included in the can

52、on of Sturm und Drang.）AHerder la German philosopher,theologian,poet,and literary critic lbroke new ground in philosophy and poetry lthe national distinctiveness of art and its popular roots and on the role of fantasy and emotionalism Fragments on Recent German Literature 论德国现代文学片断论德国现代文学片断 levery f

53、olk had its own particular identity,which was expressed in its language and culture lthe promotion of German language and culture lto shape the development of German nationalism l1770:meet with the young Goethe in Strasbourg the beginning of the Sturm und Drang movement B.Schiller la German poet,phi

54、losopher,historian,and playwright lAesthetic Letters美育书简美育书简（1795）lDramas:The Robbers强盗强盗（1781）Intrigue and Love阴谋与爱情阴谋与爱情（1784）The Wallenstein Trilogy华伦斯坦三部曲华伦斯坦三部曲（1799）:Wallensteins Camp华伦斯坦的阵营华伦斯坦的阵营,The Piccolomini皮柯乐米尼父子皮柯乐米尼父子,Wallensteins Death华伦斯坦之死华伦斯坦之死William Tell威廉威廉退尔退尔（1803）lFriendshi

55、p with Goethe The Good is the Beautiful.lmany philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics.lElaboration of the concept:the beautiful soul a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason,so that duty and inclination are no longer in conflict with one anotherlBeauty:not merely an aesthetic

56、experience,but a moral one as well.Aesthetic Letters lOn the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters lthe disenchantment of the French Revolution,its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments las a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong,and how to prevent

57、 such tragedies in the future:by first touching their souls with beauty lNotions:the sensuous drive 感性冲动感性冲动the formal drive 形式冲动形式冲动 transcends the dualism between them with the play drive 游戏冲动：（synonymous with artistic beauty）lto resolve the conflict between mans material,sensuous nature and his c

58、apacity for reason 2.German Classicism lto establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic,classical and Enlightenment ideas lconcentrated on Goethe and Schiller l between Goethes stay in Italy and the death of Schiller l a literary pursuit and praxis of the imitation of ancient Greek,classical mo

59、delsla veritable undertaking of socio-cultural reformation through aesthetic conceptions and valueslorganic wholeness and harmony as the central inspiration and importance.3.Goethe 歌德歌德la German writer and politician lbody of work:epic and lyric poetry,prose and verse dramas,memoirs,an autobiography

60、,literary and aesthetic criticism,treatises on botany,anatomy,and colour;and novels lan early participant in the Storm and Stress literary movement 野玫瑰野玫瑰欣赏：舒伯特作曲，歌德原诗欣赏：舒伯特作曲，歌德原诗 lSah ein Knab ein Rslein stehn,l Rslein auf der Heiden,l war so jung und morgenschn,l lief er schnell,es nah zu sehn,l

61、sahs mit vielen Freuden.l Rslein,Rslein,Rslein rot,l Rslein auf der Heiden.l少年看到红玫瑰，l田野里的玫瑰，l亭亭玉立真正美，l少年快去看个清，l看得欢喜又高兴。l玫瑰，玫瑰，红玫瑰，l田野里的小玫瑰。lKnabe sprach:Ich breche dich,l Rslein auf der Heiden!l Rslein sprach:Ich steche dich,l dass du ewig denkst an mich,l und ich wills nicht leiden.l Rslein,Rslein,

62、Rslein rot,l Rslein auf der Heiden.l少年要把玫瑰摘，l田野里的玫瑰。l玫瑰用刺来刺他，l铭心刻骨疼难忍，l玫瑰不许人欺侮。l玫瑰，玫瑰，红玫瑰，l田野里的小玫瑰。lUnd der wilde Knabe brachl s Rslein auf der Heiden;l Rslein wehrte sich und stach,l half ihm doch kein Weh und Ach,l musst es eben leiden.l Rslein,Rslein,Rslein rot,l Rslein auf der Heiden.l粗暴的少年伸出手，l

63、去摘玫瑰不罢休，l玫瑰抵抗又挣扎，l叫疼呼救都白搭，l到头只能听任他。l玫瑰，玫瑰，红玫瑰，l田野里的小玫瑰。1）Biographyl1749 born in Frankfurtl1765 to 1768 study law in Leipzig l1770 finish his studies in Strasbourg l1772-1775 First Stage Gtz von Berlichingen 葛兹葛兹封封伯利欣根伯利欣根The Sorrows of Young Werther 少年维特之烦恼少年维特之烦恼 l1775-1786 residence in Weimar&a su

64、ccession of offices l1786-1788 journey to the Italian peninsulalFrom 1788 Second Stage Iphigenia in Tauris在陶里斯的伊菲革尼亚在陶里斯的伊菲革尼亚 Egmont埃格蒙特埃格蒙特 Torquato Tasso托夸多托夸多塔索塔索 Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship威廉威廉麦斯特的学习时代麦斯特的学习时代 Hermann and Dorothea赫尔曼与窦绿苔赫尔曼与窦绿苔Faust Part One浮士德浮士德第一部第一部lLate Years Third Sta

65、geElective Affinities亲与力亲与力 From My Life:Poetry and Truth诗与真诗与真the West-Eastern Divan西东合集西东合集Faust Part Two浮士德浮士德第二部第二部l1832 died2）The Sorrows of Young Werther lan epistolary and loosely autobiographical novel lfinished in six weeks of intensive writing lpublished in 1774 lan important novel of the

66、Storm and Stress period linfluenced the later Romantic literary movement A.Summary Werther Lotte AlbertB.the image of WertherReadings sensitive and passionateweak and overcautious3）FaustA.the originlFausts name and persona:the figure of Dr.Johann Georg Faust la classic German legend:prefers human to divine knowledge lChristopher Marlowe:The Tragical History of Doctor FaustuslPolish folklore:Pan Twardowski lUrfaust:1768-1775 lFragment:1788-1790 lFaust I:1773-1806lFaust II:1825-1832 B.SummarylHein