左哈尔的PolysystemTheory多元系统理论课件

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1、左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论1Chapter 5Polysystem Theory左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论2Introduction of Itamar Even-ZoharProfessor Emeritus of Culture Research,of University of Tel AvivCultural theorist,not a translation theorist.One of forerunners of translation studiesItamar Even-Zohar(Picture taken 199

2、3,Santiago de Compostela)Command a working knowledge of:Hebrew(mother tongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,and a few other languages.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论3System PolysystemSystem:lThis concept is introduced by Tynjanov.lElements,Tynjan

3、ov argued,do not exist in isolation,but always in an interrelationship with other elements of other systems.systemsLiterary structureSemi-literary structureExtraliterary structureinterrelateddecidingSpecific element function左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论4System PolysystemEven-Zohar adopted Tynjanovs co

4、ncept of system.He developed the polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature.In a series of papers written from 1970 to 1977 and collected in 1978 as“Papers in Historical Poetics”历史诗学论文集历史诗学论文集,he first introduced the term“polysystem”to refer to the entire network of

5、 correlated system within society.Thus it is a global term covering all of the literary system,both major and minor existing in a given culture.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论5PolysystemLiterary SystemExtraliterary SystemCanonized formNon-canonized formesteemed discourses and genres:Poetryless worthy ge

6、nres:Childrens literaturePopular fictionPatronageSocial conditionsEconomicsInstitutional manipulation左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论6 He is not specifically a translation theorist,but a cultural theorist.But his pioneering work continues to exert considerable influence on translation,particularly when s

7、tudying translation in emerging cultures or cultures in crisis.His thinking about translations led him to some of the most provocative hypotheses about literary system.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论7Polysytem with translation theories “It is necessary to include translated literature in the polysystem.

8、This is rarely done,but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature”.(Even-Zohar,1978)左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论8 Just as the philosopher Chomsky uses linguis

9、tics to study how the human brain function in his philosophy,Even-Zohar regards translated literature as an effective way to study how the polysystem pose effect on translated literature.He believes through the analysis of the relationship of translated to original literary works,he could arrive at

10、a better understanding of the nature of polysystem.Polysytem with translation theoriesPolysytem with translation theories左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论9Polysystem theory Even-Zohar incorporated the data collected from his observations on how translations function in various societies.He developed an ap

11、proach”Polysystem theory”to explain the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture.His data showed that translated literature functions differently depending upon the age,strength,and stability of the particular literary polysystem.Polysystem determines the polysystem theory左哈尔的Polysyst

12、em_Theory多元系统理论10 Even-Zohar explored the relationship between the translated texts and the literary polysystem in three aspects:Reclassifications of the position of translation within varying cultural systems.How texts to be translated are selected by the receiving culture.How translated texts adop

13、t certain norms and functions as a result of their relation to other target language system.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论11Reclassification Previous classification:All the translations were invariably classified as secondary system.The literary translation was considered secondary activity,mechanical,

14、rather than creative,neither worthy of serious critical attention.Even-Zohar argued:It depends!Not all polysystems are the same.Such classification was inaccurate.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论12Polysystems of larger,older culturesAnglo-American&FrenchLength and self-sufficiency of their traditionsRele

15、gate translated literature to the margins of societySecondary systemReason:Have All！Well-developed literary traditionsMany different kinds of writingOriginal writing produces innovations in ideas and forms independent of translation左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论13 In this historical situation,translati

16、on often(but not necessarily always)assumes forms already established as a dominant type within a particular genre,and the translated literature tends to remain fairly conservative,adhering to norms which the“higher”forms have already rejected.Interestingly,despite playing a secondary role,translati

17、ons produced under these circumstances may paradoxically introduce new ideas into a culture while at the same time preserving traditional forms.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论14Polysytem of younger or smaller nationsIsrael&the Low CountriesThe translated literature played a more central roleReason:To le

18、arn All！拿来主义拿来主义左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论15Three circumstances:Three circumstances:Maintaining a Maintaining a primaryprimary position position When a literature is young,or in the process of being established.i.e.Israel;Czech in 19th；我国清末明初；我国清末明初Translation fulfills the need of a young literatur

19、e to use its new language for as many different kinds of writing as possible.Since it cannot create all forms and genres,translated texts may serve as the most important for a certain amount time.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论16Three circumstances:Three circumstances:Maintaining a Maintaining a primary

20、primary position position 2.When a literature is“peropheral”,or“weak”or both.i.e.Israel;the Low Countries；我国文革期间；我国文革期间They cannot produce all the kinds of writing a stronger,larger system canthus its inability to produce innovations and subsequent dependency upon translation to introduce precedent-

21、setting texts.In such circumstances,translated texts serve not only as a medium through which new ideas can be imported,but also as the form of writing most frequently imitated by“creative”writers in the native language.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论17Three circumstances:Three circumstances:Maintaining

22、 a Maintaining a primaryprimary position position 3.When a literature is experiencing a“crisis”,or turning point.i.e.North American in the 60s;五四前后五四前后,文革后文革后Established literary models no longer stimulate the new generation of writers who then turn elsewhere for ideas and forms.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theor

23、y多元系统理论18Why Israel attaches so much Why Israel attaches so much importance to translated importance to translated literature?literature?Geographical crossroadIsraelIntellectual contactsSocial forcemultilingualismreligioneconomyWestern cultureDiplomatic forceMajor literatureexiles“Third World”cultur

24、eCanon literarySocial crossroadHistorical force左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论19Globalization of“Israelis situation”The above situation is not only the Israel was in,but also all the nations on the earth are in.As the globalizations in commerce,culture and other aspects,no nation is an island.All the co

25、untries are at the crossroads,all are the center,and all are exposed to the poly-interactions.So highlight the importance of translation is crucial.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论20The future of the world may depend upon the accurate translation of one word.-Pall EngleTo understand ones past,ones identi

26、ty,an understanding of translation in and of itself is crucial;translation ceases to be an elite intellectual“game”,a footnote to literary scholarship,but becomes fundamental to the lives and livelihood of everyone in the entire region(and maybe the world).-Edwin Gentzler左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论2

27、1 我国学者张南峰先生对“多元系统理论”在翻译学的建立方面所产生的影响也给予了极高的评价，认为：“在西方，令翻译研究取得学科地位并走到学术研究系统中心的，是多元系统理论以及其他文化学派的翻译理论和研究模式”。左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论22 In summary,Even-Zohar recognized both the“primary”(creating new items and models)as well“secondary”(reinforcing items and models)importance of translated literature i

28、n literary history.Classification of the position of translation within caring cultural systems左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论23How translated texts adopt certain How translated texts adopt certain norms and functions as a result of norms and functions as a result of their relation to other target their

29、 relation to other target language systems.language systems.（翻译规范行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的）（翻译规范行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的）translated literature is itself a system with primary and secondary positions occupied by different texts.Translation strategies depend on the position of translated literature within the poly

30、system.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论24Translated literature resumes:A primary position:Function:To introduce“new”to the receiving cultureResults:1.translators feel freer to break the literature conventions of the receiving language;2.Translated texts closely reproduce the original texts forms and text

31、ual relations.Translated text is often a more“adequate”match of the source text which may in turn lead to innovations to the recieving culture.译本更接近原著左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论25Translated literature resumes:A second position:Function:To find ready-made models in the receiving culture.Results:1.tra

32、nslators will stick to receiving cultures conventional models and they will confrom the original form in the source texts to pre-established norms in the receiving culture.2.Translated texts may revise or change the original texts forms and textual relations.Translated text will show lower degree of

33、 adequacy of the source text.译本与原著差异较大左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论26 Primary adequate source Introducing new work into receiving culture19th century Anglo-American translations Secondarynon-adequate sourceFinding ready-made models at the expense of the originalCertain modern translations(Nidas Bible

34、translation)The position of translation influence on translation norms左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论27Comments on PolysystemComments on PolysystemAdvantages:Even-Zohars polysystem theory demonstrates an Even-Zohars polysystem theory demonstrates an advance in the development of translation studies adva

35、nce in the development of translation studies specifically and translation theory in general.It is specifically and translation theory in general.It is the integration the study of literature with the study the integration the study of literature with the study of social and economic forces of of so

36、cial and economic forces of history.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论28Comments on PolysystemComments on PolysystemAdvantages:1.His attention and thought given to the role of translation within a literary system,is traditionally ignored by literary theorists.2.By expanding frequently on linguistic models

37、or undeveloped literary theories,and embedding translated literature into a larger cultural context.3.Even-Zohar opened the way for translation theory to advance beyond prescriptive aesthetics.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论29Comments on PolysystemComments on PolysystemProblems:1.His work and hypnoses f

38、ocused primarily upon the literary,the extraliterary was significantly absent from his analysis.2.His tendency to overgeneralize and establish universal laws based on very little evidence which needs more analysis.literary theories,and embedding translated literature into a larger cultural context.3

39、.His methodology and discourse and his uncritical adoption of the Formalist framework limit the scope of his investigation.4.His formulation of principles occasionally contradicts that which he is trying to prove.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论30 Therefore,we should look at Zohars polysystem theory in a

40、 dialectical way.Even though there exist some weaknesses,his contribution to literary theory can not be ignored,especially to the field of translation theory.左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论31His work is highly innovative,making manifest the temporal nature of aesthetic presuppositions by looking at actu

41、al translations within the larger sociological context.His work makes a significant contribution not only to the field of translation theory,but to literary theory as well,as it demonstrates the importance of translation within the lager context of literary studies specially and in the evolution of culture in general.-Edwin Gentzler左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory多元系统理论32 Thank you very much!