翻译理论与非文学文本英文

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1、Translation Theory and the NON Literary textBelinda MaiaUniversidade do PortoAcknowledgements This lecture is based to a large extent on:MUNDAY,Jeremy.2001.Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications.London and New York:Routledge VENUTI,Lawrence.(Ed.)2000.The Translation Studies Reader

2、.London and New York:Routledge.BUT the implications for the NON literary text are my own responsibilityA few general distinctions Translating v.interpreting Source language/text SL/ST Target language/text -TL/TT Intralingual v.interlingual v.intersemiotic translation Translation as language learning

3、 Contrastive linguistics Comparative literature“Translation Studies”self-perception Many people today think that Translation Studies is mainly:Literary theory Cultural studies And,possibly:Communication studies Stylistics&Genre analysisTranslation Theory-TT perspective from Philosophy Linguistic phi

4、losophy-attempts to discover WHAT language means:the ideal language(s)of logic etc.ordinary language philosophy Philosophy of language attempts to find out HOW language means:certain general features of language such as meaning,reference,truth,verification,speech acts and logical necessity Philosoph

5、y of linguistics-the study of language through linguisticsTT perspective from Philosophy of Linguistics Structuralism-language reflects structure of thought,culture and society Transformational-Generative grammar-underlying universal language Functionalism-Language and its social functions Cognitivi

6、sm-Language as it reflects our cognitive appraisal of the world,categorization of experience and use of metaphorTT perspective from Linguistics Linguists perceive it as related to:Contrastive linguistics Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Stylistics Once dismissed as useless to TT all of these areas have

7、 been re-animated by corpora linguisticsTT perspective from Information Technoclogy IT specialists are increasingly fascinated by human language and:Machine assisted translation Machine Translation Knowledge Engineering Information Retrieval Artificial IntelligenceTT-the professional perspective Tra

8、nslator training Interpreter training Translation aids Translation criticism Translation quality Translation policy Professional translation standardsTranslation Theories The objectives of this seminar are:To give a general outline of translation theories in this century To show how these theories a

9、pply to non literary texts To demonstrate that translation practice can benefit from theoryTranslation theories Most TT is:Product-orientated focuses the translation Function-orientated examines the context and purpose of the translation Process-orientated analyses the psychology of translation and

10、process But usually has elements of all threePartial theories of translation Medium restricted man or machine?Area restricted specific languages/cultures Rank-restricted word/sentence/text Text-type restricted different genres Time-restricted historical view Problem-restricted specific problems,e.g

11、equivalenceProblems Position of Translation Studies in academia Split between theory and practice Translation teachers fear of theory Researchers still encouraged to focus on literature Therefore teacher/researcher faced with dilemmaEarly distinctions People have been arguing for centuries about lit

12、eral v.free v.faithful translation word-for-word v.sense-for-sense For example:Cicero,St Jerome,St Augustine,Martin Luther,tienne Dolet,Alexander Tytler,Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Wilhelm von Humboldt,Arthur Schopenhauer See Robinson(1997/2002)Bible translation Bassnett(1991

13、:45-50)-The history of Bible translation is accordingly a history of western culture in microcosm.St.Jeromes translation into Latin in 384 A.D.John Wycliffe (1330-84)and the Lollards William Tyndale(1494-1536)burnt at stake Martin Luther New Testament 1522,Old Testament 1534 Try Biblegateway:http:/

14、Quran See University of Southern California:http:/www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/Warning:Note that any translation of the Quran immediately ceases to be the literal word of Allah,and hence cannot be equated with the Quran in its original Arabic form.In fact,each of the translations on this site is actua

15、lly an interpretation which has been translated.Science in Translation a historical view Scott L.Montgomery.2000.Science in Translation.Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time.University of Chicago Press.Describes how scientific texts have been translated,adapted,revised and added to down t

16、he centuries e.g.Western Astronomy Greek and Arabic Science Japanese ScienceFurther reading HERMANS,Theo&Ubaldo Stecconi.2002.Translators as Hostages to History.From the European Commissions Theory meets Practice Seminars at:http:/europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/lectures/2001_01_18_history.pdf

17、 Linguistic theories of translation Language Universals v.Linguistic Relativism Science of translation Equivalence Semantic and communicative translation Korrespondenz and quivalenz Translation shifts Discourse and register analysisLanguage Universals v.Linguistic Relativism Language Universals pres

18、uppose that languages and/or our capacity for language are universal and/or innate long history leading to Chomsky and beyond Language Relativism different languages show us different ways of viewing the world Sapir-Whorf theory and most translation theoryScience of translation Nida(1964)Linguistic

19、meaning Referential or denotative meaning Emotive or connotative meaning Hierarchical structuring Componential analysis Semantic structure analysis Formal and dynamic equivalence Applications to Bible translationChomsky and TTFrom Nida&Taber(1969:33)From Nida(1964:185-7)From Munday(2001:50)Equivalen

20、ce Roman Jacobson(1959/2000)“Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics Discusses equivalence at level of obligatory grammar and lexicon,for example:gender aspect semantic fieldsEquivalence at word levelBaker(1992)Chapter 2 Morphology lexical

21、 and syntactic Lexical Meaning Propositional v.Expressive meaning Presupposed meaning Evoked meaning dialect geographical,temporal,social Register field/tenor/mode of discourse Semantic fields and lexical setsEquivalence above word levelBaker(1992)Chapter 3 Collocation Collocational range and marked

22、ness Collocation and register Collocational meaning Idioms and Fixed ExpressionsGrammatical equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 4 Grammatical vs.Lexical categories The Diversity of Grammatical Categories:Number Gender Person Tense and Aspect Voice Word OrderNewmark(1981)Semantic/communicative translation

23、at level of:Transmitter/addressee focus Culture Time and origin Relation to ST Use of form of SL Form of TL Appropriateness Criterion for evaluationKoller(1976/89)Korrespondenz and quivalenz Denotative equivalence Connotative equivalence Text-normative equivalence Pragmatic equivalence Formal equiva

24、lenceVinay&Darbelnet(1977/2000)Translation shifts Direct translation:Borrowing Calque Literal translation Oblique translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation Function at the level of the lexicon,syntax and messageTranslation shiftsCatford(1965/2000)1.level shifts2.category shifts:str

25、ucturalclass unit or rank intra-system Van Leuven-Zwart(1989/90)8 categories and 37 sub-categories!Linguistic theories and translation Most of these theories are considered linguistic and are useful for teaching translation Most translation occurs at the linguistic level at some stage of the process

26、 However,too much stress on linguistic levels can have negative effect at the text levelHalliday Functional-Systemic linguisticsTextual equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 5 Thematic and Information Structures Theme and Rheme Sentence analysis S Od Oi Cs Co Cp Adj Conj Disj Information Structure:Given and

27、 New Word Order and Communicative FunctionTextual equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 6 Cohesion Reference Substitution and Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical CohesionTranslation Quality AssessmentHouse(1997)Focus on the function of the text Baker(1992)Chapter 7-Pragmatic equivalence Reiss(1970s)Functional appr

28、oach Holz-Mntarri(1984)Translational action Vermeer(1970s)and Reiss&Vermeer(1984)Skopos theory Nord(1988/91)Text Analysis in TranslationPragmatic equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 7 Coherence Presupposition Implicature Grices maxims of Quantity Quality Relevance Manner PolitenessReiss(1970s)Functional a

29、pproach Classification of texts as:informative expressive operative audiomedial Reiss(1971)Text typesReiss Chesterman(1989)Text types and varietiesHolz-Mntarri(1984)Translational action A communicative process involving:The initiator The commissioner The ST producer The TT producer The TT user The T

30、T receiverReiss&Vermeer(1984)Skopos theoryFocuses purpose or skopos of translationRules1.A TT is determined by its skopos2.A TT is message in a target culture/TL concerning a message in a source culture/SL3.A TT is not clearly reversible4.A TT must be internally coherent5.A TT must be coherent with

31、the STNord(1988/91)Text Analysis Functional approach1.The importance of the translation commission2.The role of ST analysis3.The functional hierarchy of translation problemsPolysystem TheoryFocus-social and cultural norms Even-Zohar(1978/2000)Toury(1995)Chesterman(1997)Lambert,Van Gorp,Hermans and t

32、he Manipulation school(1985&1999)Even-Zohar(1978/2000)Even-Zohar considers translated literature to include:childrens literature thrillers other popular works of fiction,(auto-)biography CONSIDER:informative writing of all kinds e.g.travel,art and sport,journalism,university textbooks.Toury(1995)Des

33、criptive Translation Studies Important point in Translation Studies It encouraged the description of all kinds of translation and provided a wide basis on which to conduct research.The tertium comparationis=attempt to postulate neutral translation v.culturally and socially loaded real translations B

34、UT proved unsatisfactory and abandonedTourys norms initial norm ST norms=adequate translation TT norms=acceptable translation preliminary norms translation policy selection of texts directness of translation is ST an original?operational norms matricial norms or completeness of the TT textual-lingui

35、stic norms.Tourys laws The law of growing standardization-suggests that the TT standards override those of the original text.This will happen when the TL culture is more powerful.The law of interference-suggests that the ST interferes in the TT by default.This will happen when the SL culture is more

36、 powerful.Chestermans norms(1997)Expectancy norms expectations of readers Allow evaluative judgements Validated by a norm-authority Professional norms Accountability norm ethical norm Communication norm social norm Relation norm linguistic norm(between SL and TL)Polysystem theory and theNON Literary

37、 text Even-Zohar,Toury,Chesteman,and others see ST and TT as part of a much wider social and cultural context Although they may consider literary text primary,their theories and suggestions are applicable to all texts Cultural Studies Bassnett&Lefevere(1991)dismissed linguistic theories as having mo

38、ved from word to text as a unit,but not beyond and talked of painstaking comparisons between orginals and translations which do not consider the text in its cultural environment.(Munday,2001:127)Lefevere(1992)Power and patronage Professionals within the literary system Patronage outside the literary

39、 system The ideological component The economic component The status component The dominant poetics Literary devices The concept of the role of literatureExamples Edward Fitzgeralds improvement of work by Omar Khayyam An 18th century translators improvement of Cames Os Lusiadas Lewis Carrolls Alice i

40、n Wonderland-softened for children Censorship of bad language Can you think of examples?Simon(1996)Translation and Gender Masculine language of translation theorists Overt attempts to promote a feminist stance through translation practice Contribution women have made by translating works of literatu

41、re over the centuries Relationship of women and culture as seen through translation the translator is self-effacing creates a new work with a feminine point of view Link between feminist and postcolonial studiesPostcolonial Translation Theory Spivak(1993/2000)and Niranjana(1992)Cultural implications

42、-translating between:Colonized and colonizing Politically powerful and weaker languages and cultures Power relations Translational and transnational factors Example Spivak(2000)translates out of Bengali into English Try to imagine how an educated bi-lingual(English/Bengali)woman with international f

43、eminist connections might try to translate poetry by Mahasweta Devi a poet in an Indian village.http:/www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Contents.html#Authors Other Situations Brazilian cannibalism(1960-1999)Colonized devours colonizer and is enriched Cronin(1996)The Irish language and English imperialism

44、over the centuriesCultural Studies ETC My suggestion-surf the Internet with:cultural studies communication studies comparative literature literary studies translation studiesCultural Studies and the NON Literary text Cultural Studies theorists:Rarely refer to NON Literary text Then tend to claim any

45、 interesting text as literary!YET Cultural Studies should by its very nature go beyond literature or at least Literature.Reaction against TL orientated texts What can be done to avoid too much standardization?How can one avoid social or cultural bias?How can one truly represent the original?Antoine

46、Berman(1984)the Experience of the Foreign Bermans negative analytic of translation focuses the following:Rationalization Clarification Expansion Ennoblement Qualitative impoverishment Quantitative impoverishmentAntoine Berman(1984)the Experience of the Foreign The destruction of rhythms The destruct

47、ion of underlying networks of signification The destruction of linguistic patternings The destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization The destruction of expressions and idioms The effacement of the superimposition of languagesVenuti(1995)The Translators Invisibility Criticizes those,li

48、ke Toury,who aim to produce value-free norms and laws of translation.Interpretes Lefeveres notions of patronage and its influence in the context of Anglo-American publishing Uses Invisibility to describe the translators situation and activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture QUESTIONS Can the

49、Translator be Invisible?Should the Translator be Invisible?If,so when?Give examples Can the Translator be invisible and creative?If,so when?Give examplesPride,Prejudice.and Power Consider:How literary translators describe their work Pride How reviewers and the public receive translations-Prejudice T

50、he publishing industry and the effect of globalization PowerPhilosophy and translation Philosophers often find translation fascinating -a few examples:Walter Benjamin(1923/2000)Ezra Pound(1929/2000)Steiner(1975/92/98)Derrida&Deconstruction(1960)Walter Benjamin(1923/2000)Benjamins metaphor-liberation

51、 of the original text through translation.Believed in interlinear translation reveals the original in all its complexity TL is powerfully affected by the foreign tongue An extreme example of foreignization Believed this would allow pure language to emerge from the harmonization of the two languages.

52、Ezra Pound(1929/2000)and his followers Ezra Pound influenced much literary translation Idea that one does not need to know the SL well it is enough to feel the spirit Belief in archaizing and foreignizing to effect Led to literary translation workshops-inspiration Leads to very good translation OR p

53、retentious and impenetrable texts!Steiner(1975/92/98)Beyond BabelHermeneutic motion 1.Initiative trust 2.Aggression3.Incorporation4.Compensation Imbalance between ST and TT Resistant difference of the textElective affinity of the translatorDerrida&Deconstruction(1960)Objective of Derrida-and Deconst

54、ruction-to demonstrate the instability of language in general and the relationship between signified and signifier in particular.Deconstruction can and has been used to deconstruct much more than traditional literature.E.g.Political discourse Philosophy Psychology&Sociology SciencePhilosophy and the

55、 NON Literary text At first sight,these theories would seem to be furthest from the NON Literary text BUT consider implications for:Knowledge engineering Ontologies Semantic frameworks Descriptive terminology Interdisciplinary Translation Studies In practice-Literary translation is confined to Moder

56、n Languages departments NON Literary translation is essentially interdisciplinary in:Use of language Use of text Use of technology Snell Hornby(1995)-Text types Technology and Translation Desktop Publishing Translation memories Terminology databases Translators Workbench Machine translation Informat

57、ion resourcesOther aspects Bert Esselink Localizaton Yves Gambier MultMedia Translation,Conference Interpreting,Translation in Context Daniel Gouadec Terminology and Translator Training Don Kiraly-A Social Constructivist Approach to Translator Education Empowerment from Theory to Practice.Anthony Py

58、m Perhaps one of the best examples of multi-disciplinary work and interests Have a look at his homepage http:/www.fut.es/apym/BibliographyBAKER,M.(ed)1977.The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.Part II:History and Traditions.London and New York:Routledge.BAKER,M.(ed)1977.The Routledge Enc

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