AGE AND THE LIMITS OF L2AUniversity of Texas at Austin：年龄和L2a 限制在奥斯汀的德克萨斯大学

《AGE AND THE LIMITS OF L2AUniversity of Texas at Austin：年龄和L2a 限制在奥斯汀的德克萨斯大学》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《AGE AND THE LIMITS OF L2AUniversity of Texas at Austin：年龄和L2a 限制在奥斯汀的德克萨斯大学（121页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、1The End State in L2A:Factors,Facts&FallaciesCognitive Science SeminarUniversity of Texas9 October 2009David BirdsongDept.of French&Italianbirdsongaustin.utexas.edupaper handout to accompany slidesslides to be posted on blackboard2L2A research Sample of journalsCognitionJMLJCNNature NeuroscienceBBSB

2、rain&Language Language Applied PsycholinguisticsTICSBilingualism:Language and CognitionStudies in Second Language Acquisition Second Language Research3L2A research Programs/LabsMcGillGeorgetownIllinoisMPI-NijmegenEssexCNRS ParisAmsterdam GroningenHeidelberg4L2A research Recent Ph.Ds at UT-F&IRobert

3、Reichle(December 2008)“Syntactic focus structure processing:Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence from L1 and L2 French”Elenor Shoemaker(May 2009)“Acoustic cues to speech segmentation in spoken French:native and non-native strategies”5Context:Context:the Deficit Model traditionthe Deficit Mod

4、el tradition Bley-Vroman(1989:44):Bley-Vroman(1989:44):Insignificant Insignificantincidence of nativelikeness in late L2Aincidence of nativelikeness in late L2AL2A:L2A:“ineluctable failure”“ineluctable failure”fossilized non-fossilized non-nativenessnativeness=Fundamental Difference Hypothesis=Funda

5、mental Difference Hypothesis6Context:Context:the Deficit Model traditionthe Deficit Model traditionJohnson&Newport(1989:255):Johnson&Newport(1989:255):for AoA 15 for AoA 15“later AOA determines that one will“later AOA determines that one will not not become become nativelike or near-nativelike in a

6、nativelike or near-nativelike in a 2nd language”2nd language”=maturationally-based CPH/L2A=maturationally-based CPH/L2A7Context:Context:the Deficit Model traditionthe Deficit Model traditionLong(1989:280):Long(1989:280):“The ability to attain“The ability to attain native-native-like phonological abi

7、lities in an L2 is like phonological abilities in an L2 is beyond beyond anyone beginning later than age 12,anyone beginning later than age 12,no matter how no matter how motivated they might be or how motivated they might be or how much opportunity much opportunity they might have.Native-like they

8、might have.Native-like morphology and morphology and syntax only seem to be syntax only seem to be possible for those possible for those beginning before beginning before age 15.”age 15.”=Maturational=Maturational constraintsconstraints 8Context:Context:the Deficit Model traditionthe Deficit Model t

9、raditionHyltenstam&Abrahamsson(2003:575):Hyltenstam&Abrahamsson(2003:575):If we look at If we look at“overall L2 proficiency”“overall L2 proficiency”we will we will find find that that“perfect proficiency”“perfect proficiency”and and“absolute nativelike“absolute nativelike command of an L2 may in co

10、mmand of an L2 may in fact never be possible fact never be possible for any late L2 for any late L2 learner”learner”=Deficient language-representation by W/r/t L2 processing=representation by late learners late learnersTsimpli&Dimitrakopoulou(2007:217):Tsimpli&Dimitrakopoulou(2007:217):Uninterpretab

11、le features(e.g.+/-case)Uninterpretable features(e.g.+/-case)“difficult“difficult to identify and analyse in the input”to identify and analyse in the input”=role of detection in=role of detection in unlearnabilityunlearnability of of u uF F;cf.cf.Lardiere(2009)Lardiere(2009)NB:NB:criterion=monolingu

12、al native;Ss not always at end statecriterion=monolingual native;Ss not always at end state10Context:Context:the Differences Modelthe Differences ModelW/r/t L2 processing by late learnersW/r/t L2 processing by late learners Clahsen&Felser(2006:564):Clahsen&Felser(2006:564):L2 L2 processingprocessing

13、nativelike in some areas of grammar;howevernativelike in some areas of grammar;howevereven in high-proficient L2ers even in high-proficient L2ers“differences“differences persist persist in the domain of complex syntax”in the domain of complex syntax”i.e,i.e,in in“real-time“real-time computation of c

14、omplex computation of complex hierarchical hierarchical representations”representations”=consider explanations:consider explanations:deficientdeficient L2 grammar L2 grammar(representational deficit vis(representational deficit vis vis native);L1 vis native);L1 transfer;cognitive resource limitation

15、s;transfer;cognitive resource limitations;maturational constraints maturational constraints NB:NB:C&FC&F criterion=monolingual native;not all Ss at end state criterion=monolingual native;not all Ss at end state11Context:Context:the Differences Modelthe Differences ModelW/r/t L2 processing by late le

16、arnersW/r/t L2 processing by late learners Cutler(2003,inter alia):Cutler(2003,inter alia):In segmental,In segmental,subsegmental and suprasegmental subsegmental and suprasegmental perception,L2ers listen through L1 perception,L2ers listen through L1 ears;ears;see also see also Peperkamp,Sebastian-P

17、eperkamp,Sebastian-Galles,Galles,Dupoux,Dupoux,etc.etc.12Context:Context:Meisel(2009)Meisel(2009:8)Meisel(2009:8)“Changes in the Language“Changes in the Language Making Capacity in the course of childhood Making Capacity in the course of childhood development make it impossible for the L2 developmen

18、t make it impossible for the L2 learner learner to acquire a complete native to acquire a complete native grammatical grammatical competence of the target competence of the target language”language”Meisel(2009:13)Meisel(2009:13)FDH FDH“does not entail that L2“does not entail that L2 acquisition beco

19、mes totally or partially acquisition becomes totally or partially impossible.Rather,the claim is that L2 impossible.Rather,the claim is that L2 knowledge is of a different kind”knowledge is of a different kind”=source of source of knowledge is differentknowledge is different13Current aL2A work under

20、 DM Current aL2A work under DM Methodologically:Methodologically:(Usually)studied:(Usually)studied:-L2 high-proficients -L2 high-proficientsUnderstudied:Understudied:-L2 dominants -L2 dominants(Often)not considered:(Often)not considered:-facilitating/inhibiting external factors -facilitating/inhibit

21、ing external factors -individual info processing differences -individual info processing differences -reciprocal L2 L1 influence -reciprocal L2 L1 influence -AoA as comparison condition or control variable -AoA as comparison condition or control variable -assurance of L2A asymptote -assurance of L2A

22、 asymptote -incidence(#s)of nativelike processers -incidence(#s)of nativelike processers=Incomplete empirical picture of nature+extent of native=Incomplete empirical picture of nature+extent of native/L2/L2 differencesdifferences14Current aL2A work under DMCurrent aL2A work under DMProgrammatically:

23、Programmatically:Data:Data:-varied behavioral&brain-based studies -varied behavioral&brain-based studies -varied methods&tasks -varied methods&tasksDomains:Domains:-range of processing and knowledge domains-range of processing and knowledge domains Focus:Focus:-non-nativelike processing at group lev

24、el -non-nativelike processing at group levelOrientation:Orientation:-deterministic differences -deterministic differencesGoal:Goal:-theory of qualitative L1-L2 differences in knowledge/processing-theory of qualitative L1-L2 differences in knowledge/processing =Empirical gaps w/r/t upper limits of(la

25、te)L2A =Empirical gaps w/r/t upper limits of(late)L2A 15Upper Limits ModelUpper Limits ModelComplementing the DM perspective:Complementing the DM perspective:Programmatically&methodologically Programmatically&methodologically Distinguish:Distinguish:-what adult L2ers-what adult L2ers dodo-what adult

26、 L2ers-what adult L2ers dont dodont do-what adult L2ers-what adult L2ers can docan do-what adult L2ers-what adult L2ers cant docant doPopulations:Populations:-L2 dominants(two types)-L2 dominants(two types)-L1 attriters-L1 attriters-(L2 high-proficients)-(L2 high-proficients)-incentivized L2ers:func

27、tional need for L2 nativelikeness-incentivized L2ers:functional need for L2 nativelikeness-L2ers desiring socio-cultural integration,L2 identity-L2ers desiring socio-cultural integration,L2 identity16ULMULMProgrammatically:Programmatically:Integrate:Integrate:-individual differences w/r/t internal f

28、actors e.g.WM components-individual differences w/r/t internal factors e.g.WM componentsRationale:Rationale:-claims that only freakish aptitude=nativelikeness more later-claims that only freakish aptitude=nativelikeness more later-WM correlates with level of ultimate attainment in some tasks-WM corr

29、elates with level of ultimate attainment in some tasksIntegrate:Integrate:-facilitating/inhibiting external conditions-facilitating/inhibiting external conditionsRationale:Rationale:-in comparing L1A and L2A end state,level the playing field-in comparing L1A and L2A end state,level the playing field

30、 in terms of facilitating conditions more later in terms of facilitating conditions more later-normal adult L2A conditions=abnormal for LA-normal adult L2A conditions=abnormal for LA generallygenerally Integrate:Integrate:-AoA/AoT as control,predictor variables-AoA/AoT as control,predictor variables

31、Rationale:Rationale:-we know the effects of age and+/-their sources more later-we know the effects of age and+/-their sources more later-to see what can L2ers do in spite of age influences-to see what can L2ers do in spite of age influences17ULMULMProgrammatically:Programmatically:Goals:Goals:-Estab

32、lish end state processing profiles:-Establish end state processing profiles:-L2 dominants-L2 dominants-defined by L2 vs L1 relative use-defined by L2 vs L1 relative use-defined psycholinguistically(independent processing-defined psycholinguistically(independent processing measures)measures)-late vs.

33、early dominants-late vs.early dominants-unstable dominants-unstable dominants-Establish upper bounds of L2ers processing&knowledge:-Establish upper bounds of L2ers processing&knowledge:-vis-vis vis natives vis natives-vis-vis vis early bilinguals/early L2ers vis early bilinguals/early L2ers-in their

34、 own right(parative fallacy)-in their own right(parative fallacy)-keeping in mind L2L1 influence(L1 of a monolingual L1 of a-keeping in mind L2L1 influence(L1 of a monolingual L1 of a bilingual)bilingual)-Integrate above into theory of L2 knowledge&processing -Integrate above into theory of L2 knowl

35、edge&processing at the limitsat the limits18ULMULMPerspectives:Perspectives:Analogy:Track team with ankle weights:Analogy:Track team with ankle weights:What would happen if we took off the weights?What would happen if we took off the weights?Analogy:Ghetto vs.suburbs HS exit exam scores:Analogy:Ghet

36、to vs.suburbs HS exit exam scores:We know that the achievements will differ,but the We know that the achievements will differ,but the story shouldnt stop there.story shouldnt stop there.19ULMULMPerspectives:Perspectives:X freakish talent(WM capacity,LTM,musical ability)X freakish talent(WM capacity,

37、LTM,musical ability)X freakish accomplishments(Hale,“Christopher”)X freakish accomplishments(Hale,“Christopher”)normals working within their limits normals working within their limits give acquisition the same chance it has in younger give acquisition the same chance it has in younger populationspop

38、ulations-one cant take away age effects-one cant take away age effects-one can minimize L1 effects-one can minimize L1 effects-one can provide benign external conditions-one can provide benign external conditionsand see what happensand see what happens=relevance to claims,assumptions;CPH/L2A,FDH,acc

39、essrelevance to claims,assumptions;CPH/L2A,FDH,access20UT Cog Sci PresentationUT Cog Sci PresentationL2 end state attainment:L2 end state attainment:Approach ultimate attainment neutrally:deficits&Approach ultimate attainment neutrally:deficits&differences alongside upper limits differences alongsid

40、e upper limitsFACTS about end-state attainment,as mediated by age of FACTS about end-state attainment,as mediated by age of acquisition and age of testingacquisition and age of testingFACTORS that constrain vs.enable L2 acquisition,and their FACTORS that constrain vs.enable L2 acquisition,and their

41、naturenatureFALLACIES w/r/t end state,e.g.CPH/L2AFALLACIES w/r/t end state,e.g.CPH/L2AQ:Under DM:Evidence for maturation-based differences?Q:Under DM:Evidence for maturation-based differences?Q:Under ULM:What can(late)L2-dominants do?Q:Under ULM:What can(late)L2-dominants do?21Distinctions:Distincti

42、ons:AoA AoT maturational stateAoA AoT maturational stateAoA=Age of Acquisition(Immersion,Onset)AoA=Age of Acquisition(Immersion,Onset)=macro-variable,encompassing=macro-variable,encompassing inter aliainter alia:-degree of L1 entrenchment-degree of L1 entrenchment-L1 proficiency-L1 proficiency-state

43、 of system plasticity-state of system plasticity-state of cognitive development-state of cognitive development-degree of(neuro-)cognitive decline(adults)-degree of(neuro-)cognitive decline(adults)-suite of neurobiological variables-suite of neurobiological variablesAoA=proxy for AoA=proxy for initia

44、l initial state of L2Astate of L2ANB:AoA-NB:AoA-relatedrelated effects effectsNB:“The age factor”=convenient but underspecific labelNB:“The age factor”=convenient but underspecific label22Distinctions:Distinctions:AoA AoT maturational stateAoA AoT maturational stateAoT=Age at TestingAoT=Age at Testi

45、ng =macro-variable,encompassing=macro-variable,encompassing inter aliainter alia:degree of L1 entrenchmentdegree of L1 entrenchmentL1 proficiency L1 proficiency L2 proficiencyL2 proficiencystate of system plasticitystate of system plasticitystate of cognitive developmentstate of cognitive developmen

46、tdegree of(neuro-)cognitive decline see Supplementsdegree of(neuro-)cognitive decline see Supplementssuite of neurobiological variablessuite of neurobiological variablesalsoalso:socio-psychological identification w/L2&L1:socio-psychological identification w/L2&L1alsoalso:frequency of L2/L1 use:frequ

47、ency of L2/L1 useAoT=proxy forAoT=proxy for current current state of L2 knowledge and state of L2 knowledge and processing processing NB:AoT-NB:AoT-relatedrelated effects effects23AoTAoTAdvanced AoT:Advanced AoT:-More profound impact in L2 processing than in L1-More profound impact in L2 processing

48、than in L1 processing.processing.L2 processing more vulnerable because:L2 processing more vulnerable because:-greater reliance on fluid intelligence than in L1 use-greater reliance on fluid intelligence than in L1 use-less-routinized procedures than in L1 use-less-routinized procedures than in L1 us

49、eOpen question:Open question:-AoT(&AoA)-related effects=less severe among L2-AoT(&AoA)-related effects=less severe among L2 dominants?dominants?24Distinctions:Distinctions:AoA AoT maturational stateAoA AoT maturational stateMaturational state:Maturational state:(vs./vs.X)(vs./vs.X)/degree of L1 entr

50、enchment/degree of L1 entrenchment/L1 proficiency/L1 proficiency/L2 proficiency/L2 proficiency state of system plasticity state of system plasticity state of cognitive development state of cognitive development degree of(neuro-)cognitive decline degree of(neuro-)cognitive decline suite of neurobiolo

51、gical variablessuite of neurobiological variablesX socio-psychological identification w/L2&L1X socio-psychological identification w/L2&L1X frequency of L2/L1 useX frequency of L2/L1 use/experientiallyexperientially correlates with aging correlates with aging AoA&AoTAoA&AoT biologicallybiologically a

52、ging-related,pre-/post-maturation AoA&aging-related,pre-/post-maturation AoA&AoTAoTX X intrinsically intrinsically unrelatedunrelated to aging to aging AoT AoT onlyonly25DistinctionsDistinctionsUltimate Attainment in L2 Ultimate Attainment in L2=end state(asymptotic)knowledge and end state(asymptoti

53、c)knowledge and processing processing only nativelikenessonly nativelikeness=anyany level at end state,up to&level at end state,up to&including nativelikeincluding nativelike26DistinctionsDistinctionsNature,causes&domains of non-nativelike Nature,causes&domains of non-nativelike ultimate attainment

54、ultimate attainment(Hopp,2007)(Hopp,2007)NatureNature:REPRESENTATIONAL :REPRESENTATIONAL *COMPUTATIONAL COMPUTATIONAL /|CauseCause:impairment :impairment *L1 L1 impairment impairment*inefficiency inefficiency*L1L1 FT/FA FT/FA /|DomainDomain:module module *interface interface parsingparsing *info inf

55、o *inter-inter-routes routes integration ferenceintegration ference FFF FFF u uFF DP DP lim cap lim cap CMCM SSSSMSIMSI27DistinctionsDistinctionsAge,end state,upper limits:Age,end state,upper limits:Computational(in)efficiencyComputational(in)efficiency=default to lexis/plausibility in complex compu

56、tations=default to lexis/plausibility in complex computationsL1 influenceL1 influence developmental&at AoA/AoT developmental&at AoA/AoT as alternative to/complement to impairment as alternative to/complement to impairmentPerceptual components of processing grammarPerceptual components of processing

57、grammar detection of detection of u uF F as precondition for interpretation(e.g.in French liaison)as precondition for interpretation(e.g.in French liaison)NatureNature:REPRESENTATIONAL :REPRESENTATIONAL *COMPUTATIONAL COMPUTATIONAL /|CauseCause:impairment *L1 impairment *inefficiency *L1 FT/FA FT/FA

58、/|DomainDomain:module module *interface interface parsing parsing *info info *inter-inter-routes integration routes integration ferenceference FFF FFF u uFF DP lim cap DP lim cap CMCM SSSSMSIMSI28DistinctionsDistinctionsHeuristics:Heuristics:Universal Learnability versus Selective Universal Learnabi

59、lity versus Selective ProcessabilityProcessability-Universal Learnability:-Universal Learnability:anythinganything can be learnedcan be learned by by someonesomeone-Selective Processability:Selective Processability:some thingssome things cant be cant be processedprocessed by by anyoneanyone29Distinc

60、tionsDistinctionsThe AoA function,shapes:The AoA function,shapes:straight line straight line stretched 7stretched 7inverted Vinverted Vstretched Zstretched ZThe AoA function,timing of deflection:The AoA function,timing of deflection:coinciding with known maturational epochscoinciding with known matu

61、rational epochscoinciding with ages unrelated to maturationcoinciding with ages unrelated to maturationThe AoA function,steepness=#of nativelike-The AoA function,steepness=#of nativelike-ersers30Slope predicts incidence of Slope predicts incidence of nativelikeness:nativelikeness:shallow slope=high

62、rate of shallow slope=high rate of nativelikenessnativelikenessAoA20 YearsRange ofScores of NativeControls31Slope predicts incidence of Slope predicts incidence of nativelikeness:nativelikeness:steep slope=low rate of nativelikenesssteep slope=low rate of nativelikenessRange ofScores of NativeContro

63、lsAoA20 Years32FACTS of Biological AgingFACTS of Biological Aging&their relationship to L2 processing&their relationship to L2 processingby by latelate L2ers L2ers 33Age and ProcessingAge and ProcessingSupplement I Supplement I Park et al.(2001)Park et al.(2001)Q u ickT im e?an d aT IFF(LZ W)d e co

64、m p re ssorare n e e d e d to see th is p icture.34Age and ProcessingAge and ProcessingSupplement I break-outSupplement I break-outPark(2000)Park(2000)35Cognitive Aging Effects Cognitive Aging Effects Effects in languageEffects in language processing:processing:processing speed processing speed work

65、ing memory capacity working memory capacity lexical retrieval lexical retrieval linear over AoT/AoA,starting at 20 years of age linear over AoT/AoA,starting at 20 years of age prior to AoT/AoA:increase then decline(inverted prior to AoT/AoA:increase then decline(inverted“V”)“V”)plateau then decline(

66、stretched“7”)plateau then decline(stretched“7”)linkage of processing behaviors to biological aging linkage of processing behaviors to biological aging(B(Bckman&Farde,2005)ckman&Farde,2005)=L2 processing=L2 processingconstraints on constraints on inputinput processing at AoA/AoT processing at AoA/AoToutputoutput performance decrements at AoT performance decrements at AoTdepressed levels of processing at L2 end statedepressed levels of processing at L2 end state36Constraining FACTORSConstraining F