lec-1烟台人文英语句法部分绪论.ppt

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1、烟台人文英译 (一 )：基础训练 教材 : 李玉陈 . 英语专业研究生句法与翻译基础 (Fundamentals of Syntax and Translation for Chinese EFL Graduate Students). 山东大学出版社， 2014. / 讲义 参考书 : 王宏印 . 文学翻译批评概论 . 中国人民大学出版社， 2009） 鲁东大学外国语学院 MTI课程 Translating Yantai 1. Aims of the course To help you to attain adequate familiarity with important simila

2、rities and dissimilarities in syntax between E and C; The present part of the course is designed: To clarify to you the definitions, the concepts, and the working system of English syntax; To develop your ability to make syntactic analysis and also the initial competence to do syntactic research; To

3、 enhance your ability to apply what you have learned to solving syntactic problems you shall meet in translation practices. 2. Coverage: IV. APPLYING English Syntax (to Translating) III. ASSIMILATING English Syntax II. ACQUIRING English Syntax I. APPROACHING English Syntax 3. Pedagogic consideration

4、s (1) Approaches: theoretical vs. practical / pedagogical (2) Objectives: accurate acquisition of facts, adequate assimilation of facts and rules, and appropriate application of rules to practice, esp. translating between E and C. (3) Methods: rule-centered and practice-orientated 4. Academic requir

5、ements B. Advanced: (4) Wide-ranging encyclopedic knowledge 各类知识广博 (5) Many-sided professional abilities 业务能力多面 (6) Task-adapted flexible methodology 应对方法灵活 A. Basic: (1) Clear-cut conceptual understanding 基本概念清楚 (2) Rule-governed linguistic performance 语言行为规范 (3) Well-acquired productive proficienc

6、y 务实技能熟练 C. Ultimate: (7) In-depth overall mastery of the subject 专业融会贯通 (8) Self-developed originality of thought 个人见解独到 Part I Approaching English Syntax Lecture One Some Basic Concepts of English Syntax Contents: I. Syntax and syntactic units: Concepts 1. Syntax 2. Syntactic units defined 3. More

7、 facts about the syntactic units II. The sentence: An overview for basic concepts 1. Sentence elements 2. Basic sentence structures 3. Sentence patterns 4. Sentence types III. Syntactic units redefined For your assignment 1.1 Syntax 1) Etymology : Origin of the word syntax English syntax French synt

8、axe Late Latin syntaxis Greek suntaxis Greek suntassein (to join, put together, put in order) Greek syn- (together) + tassein (to arrange) I. Syntax and syntactic units 2) Meaning of the word “syntax” B. Modern: Facts about, and rules for, ordering and connecting words to form phrases, clauses, or s

9、entences A. Original (1) Orderly or systematic arrangement of parts or elements (2) Connected order or system of things (3) Orderly arrangement or system 3) Syntax as a subject: Branch of linguistics dealing with grammatical arrangement of words in sentences of A. Languages in general, i.e. universa

10、l syntax B. A given language (1) The totality of facts about the arrangement of words, i.e. description; (2) A systematic statement of the rules governing the grammatical arrangement of words, i.e. prescription 4) English syntax: Branch of English grammar dealing with the construction and function o

11、f phrases, clauses, and sentences, and covering these four main areas: Sentence elements, structures; patterns; styles 1.2 Syntactic units: A preliminary classification and clarification 1) Sentence: Normally a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, which expresses a thought or message

12、 in form of a statement, question, command / request, or exclamation; A sentence in writing begins with a capital letter and ends with any of the marks .!?; in speaking, it begins following a silence and ends with any of various final pitches followed by a terminal juncture, a fall, or rise, or fall

13、-rise. 2) Clause: A group of words always containing a subject and finite verb, usually forming part of a compound or complex sentence; a dependent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction, or relative pronoun or adverb, functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb; a non-dependent clause is a s

14、entence on its own. 3) Phrase: A sequence of two or more words not containing a subject and finite verb, and used as a single word conveying a single thought and forming a distinct element of a sentence. 4) Word: The smallest syntactic unit; a function word has abstract meaning and serves to connect

15、 notional words to form a phrase, clause, or sentence; a notional word has concrete meaning used alone or in combination with another word or other words as a sentence element. II. The Sentence: An Overview 2.1 Sentence elements 1) SPOCAd vs. SVOCA. 2) The subject and predicate can be regarded as th

16、e major sentence elements, and the object, complement, and adverbial as minor sentence elements. 3) The relative clause is (1) Recognized in modern grammar as part of a noun phrase; but (2) Actually functioning as an attributive, adverbial, or connective clause. 4) The appositive and the appositiona

17、l clause are by and large neglected in modern grammar. 2.2 Eight basic English sentence structures, 1 Jack is a student. 杰克是个学生。 English structure: SPCs Chinese structure: SPCs 2 He has a personal computer 他有一台个人计算机。 E: SP + (Prem) O C: SP + (Prem) O 3 There was something wrong with it yesterday. 昨天

18、（它）出了点故障。 E: There+P+(Pm)S+Ad End-positioned Adjunct C: Ad Front-positioned Adjunct SP + (Prem) O 4 Its memory did not work well （ 它的）内存不好使了。 E: SPAd End-positioned C: SAdFront-positioned P 5 He asked the dealer to come and fix it. 他要经销商来修理（它）。 E: S P Od Co C: S P Od Co 6 Quite unexpectedly, the dea

19、ler brought him a new one. 完全出人意料，经销商带给他一台新机。 E: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) Od C: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) Od 7 It is rare for a buyer to enjoy such a favor. 买方享受这等优惠是难得的。 E: It+PCs+Real Subject C: S noun clause PCs 8 Jack, however, thinks it only too reasonable for him to get the new one. 杰克却认为他得到那

20、台新机是理所当然的。 E: SAd Conjunct P+it+Co+Real Object C: SAd Conjunct PO Noun clause, etc. 2.3 Three unique structural features of English syntax in contrast with Chinese: - the use of the introductory there , - the anticipatory it, - post-modification that leads to some major structural distinctions betwe

21、en English and Chinese syntax. 2.4 Sentence patterns and sentence complication An English sentence can be intensively complicated because of the use of phrases as sentence elements: 1 I consider the body as a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, | a bundle of pipes and straine

22、rs, | fitted to one another | after so wonderful a manner | as to make a proper engine | for the soul to work with. Joseph Addison A simple sentence with one finite verb and five phrasal modifiers and extensively complicated because of the use of clauses as sentence elements: 2 I have observed that

23、a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man, of a mild or choleric disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars of the like nature that conduce very much to the right understanding of an author. Joseph Addison A complex s

24、entence with four subordinate clauses Concluded: - English syntactic forms vary from one another not so much in their basic structures as in their relative complexity. - There are, theoretically, innumerable sentence patterns in terms of complexity. In practice, however, only a limited number of the

25、m are in active use. (Study-read the 400 sentence patterns in the book) 1) Form: we make a division of the English sentences into major and minor types. (2) Minor sentences in irregular clause patterns -Dependent clauses: Why, if it isnt Susan! -Non-finite v-constructions: President to visit US. | D

26、ow off 25% since Peak 6 Months Ago. (newspaper headline) - Single words or phrases: Taxi! - Block language: No Parking! (1) Major sentences in regular clause patterns a. Simple sentences b. Multiple sentences 2.5 Sentence types viewed from different perspectives Sentence style will be discussed else

27、where. “ Block language”, according to Quirk et al. (1985), appears in such functions as labels, titles, newspaper headlines, headings, notices, and advertisements. Simple block language messages consist of a noun or noun phrase or nominal clause in isolation; no verb is needed, because all the else

28、 necessary to the understanding of the message is furnished by the context. Canada goose flying close to the water. 2) Use Read carefully the examples on P. 11-13 for the declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentence, respectively. 3) Structures in regular clause patterns (Major s

29、entences) Read carefully the examples on P. 13-16 for the simple, compound, and complex sentence, and the four types of conjunctions represented by the four A-letter conjunctions. III. The syntactic units re-defined 1) More facts about the syntactic units 1) A sentence can also be a single word as i

30、n the case of an imperative or minor sentence. 2) A sentence in use invariably involves either social usage of form or individual choice of expression. 3) The subject and finite form of be can be conditionally omitted from a dependent / subordinate clause. 4) A dependent clause can stand alone as a

31、minor sentence. 7) A one-word sentence may be a major or minor sentence. 6) A phrase can stand alone as a minor sentence. 5) A phrase may contain a “subject” and non-finite form of a verb. 2) The syntactic units re-defined This is for your self-teaching and making a class report next week: How shoul

32、d we redefine the “sentence” in English by incorporating the more facts about English syntax phenomena? Assignment: 1) Teach yourself Chapter III (PP. 16-25) 2) Get familiar with the codes and signs (Before “Contents”). 3) Translation exercise (See “QQ-G of Course”) Preview work for topic in next meeting: Syntactic subject Thank You & Good-bye!