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1、1New Century Practical English Writing 新世纪新世纪 实用英语写作六、七实用英语写作六、七2英语段落写作根本要求英语段落写作根本要求Basic Requirements for English Paragraph writing3段落的构成段落的构成Paragraph Structure 4文章中的段落常由三个主要局部构成：主题句、辅助句和结尾句。请读下面段落范例并注意分析其结构。5 Gold，a precious metal，is prized for two important characteristicsFirst of all，gold has
2、a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosionTherefore，it is suitable for jewelry，coins，and ornamental purposes.Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful foreverFor example，a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twentythree centuries ago.Another im
3、portant characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and scienceFor many years，It has been used in hundreds of industrial applicationsThe most recent use of gold is in astronauts suits.Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceshipIn conclusion，gold is treasure
4、d not only for its beauty but also for its utility 6 主题句主题句(Topic Sentence)在段落中用于在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主题概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主题句。一个好的主题句能够准确地表达句。一个好的主题句能够准确地表达作者的观点或态度。关于主题的这个作者的观点或态度。关于主题的这个观点或态度称为主题思想观点或态度称为主题思想(controlling idea)。主题句限定了在一个单独的段。主题句限定了在一个单独的段落中所允许充分讨论的内容。落中所允许充分讨论的内容。7 辅助句辅助句supporting sent
5、ence or developing sentence)在段落中对在段落中对主题句起表述作用的句子叫辅助主题句起表述作用的句子叫辅助句。句。8 结尾句结尾句concluding sentence)表示表示段落结束的句子叫结尾句段落结束的句子叫结尾句9Topic sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentence10How to write a good topic sentence?Three essential points11 第一，主题句必须是一个完整的句第一，主题句必须
6、是一个完整的句子，包括一个主语，一个谓语动词，子，包括一个主语，一个谓语动词，常常还带有其他修饰语。常常还带有其他修饰语。12 Fragments:Driving on freeways.The importance of gold.How to register for college classes.The benefits of television to children.13 Revised sentences Driving on freeway requires skill and alertness.Gold,a precious metal,is prized for tow
7、 important characteristics.Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students Television benefits young children in three major ways14 第二，主题句是由主题词和主题思想的表述两局部构成的。主题词说明讨论的对象。主题思想的表述局部限制或控制这个主题在一个段落中能够被论述的具体方面。它应该是能够展述主题思想的一个词或一个短语，即关键词。试分析下面的主题句：The Womens Movement has ha
8、d several effects on the English language 15 在这个主题句中，表达主题思想的关键词是several effects，它规定了谈论的主题和内容。为了论证这个主题思想，作者应提供具体细节或实例来答复这样的问题：“What reasons did I have for saying several effects?有可能列出以下原因：(1)It has created Ms，a title for women comparable to Mr.for men (2)The Movement has changed the ending of several
9、 compound words from-man to-person (3)The Movement is responsible for some new terms (4)The Movement has had an effect on the thirdperson singular pronoun 16 Students on this campus recently voiced several complaints 在这个句子中，表示主题思想的关键词是several complaints。所以在主题句后，应辅以细节来论证主题思想several complaints。学生有可能列举
10、出下面事实：(1)They voiced dissatisfaction with the campus lighting(2)They expressed their disgust with the cafeteria food(3)They protested the grading policies of the instructors17 Smoking Cigarettes Can be an expensive habit 在这个句子中，主题是the habit of smoking cigarettes主题思想是Smoking can be expensive。在此句中expe
11、nsive是表示主题思想的关键词，在展开主题句的段落中，应论证吸烟确实是开销较大的一种习惯。下面是一个说明主题展开的段落提纲：(1)Cigarettes cost about 75 cents (2)The average smoker smokes two packs a day (3)The annual expense for this smoker is$54750 (4)The smoker must also pay for extra cleaning of carpets，furniture，and clothes18 第三，由于主题句仅仅提及主题思想，因此只是一种概括性的陈述
12、而不提供具体的细节能被段落中的其它句子推演、解释、论证或分析。主题句应该对该段落内容进行适当概括和限制。主题句如果过于笼统(general)就不能包含具体的思想和观点，对段落如何展开缺乏指导和限定，使读者由于内容太空泛而很难确切地知道本段要谈论的内容：主题句如果太具体(specific)读者就会发现作者对这段内容己无发挥、充实的余地，而无法将主题句展开。请分析以下句子：19 Hong Kong is famous for its developed economy,high standard of living,and intercultural atmosphere.20 2.Positio
13、n of topic sentence21 The first sentence of the paragraph deduction22 In the middle of the paragraph induction 23 The last sentence of the paragraph sandwich-style24 How to write supporting sentence25 Inner cities can be made more inhabitableOne way is to omit automobiles and encourage walkingWith n
14、o cars，people are forced to walk and interact，and interacting is pleasantAnother way is to eliminate pubic housing projectsMore than half the poor are often in public housing Warehousing the poor is destructive to the neighborhood and occupants26 Milk is one of the most important sources of nutritio
15、n for human beings and animalsIt is the first food provided for newborn babies because milk contains a large variety of nutritional constituents，and at the same time it is easily digestibleMilk is about 1 3solids，and the solids contain 33 protein，5carbohydrates，4fat，and many vitamins and mineralsMor
16、eover，milk protein contains all of the essential amino acids like casein and lactobacillusLactose is the principal carbohydrate of milk，and milk is the only source of lactose in natureMilk also contains all of the known vitamins：A，B，D，E，and K.for all of these reasons,milk consumption is the keystone
17、 of human beings and animals.27 how to write a good concluding sentence28结尾句有三个方面的作用：结尾句有三个方面的作用：表示一个段落的结束。写作时表示一个段落的结束。写作时可使用表示段落结尾的转承信可使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词如号词如in conclusion,in in conclusion,in summary,finally,in brief,summary,finally,in brief,in sum,to conclude,all in sum,to conclude,all in allin all 等。等。对段落要点进行总结。对段落要点进行总结。对主题加以评价，给读者留下对主题加以评价，给读者留下深刻印象。深刻印象。
英语段落写作基本要求Basic Requirements for English Paragraph writing
