成本公式汇总

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1、、Accounting for materials 1 EOQ Co=cost of placing one order C = holding cost per unit D=demand per annum Q=re-order quantity Annual stockholdingCosts *. Q Annual stock ordering ” 匚EBQ一边生产一边消费 Q二batch sizeD=demand per annumC =cost of holding hone unit for one yearC=cost of setting a batch ready to b

2、e produceR=annual replenishment rate2.Stock control system .minimum stock levelreorder level- (average usage * average lead time) maximum stock levelMaximum level = reorder level + reorder quantity - (minimum usage * minimum lead time) average inventory = safety inventory小匕 free inventory=physicalin

3、ventory + inventory on order - inventory requisitioned (not issued)二、Accounting for labor1. direct labor costx basic workedTime-based system Wages = (Hours worked rate of pay per hour) + (overtime hours overtime premium per hour )Idle time： timespent doing nothingis called idle time.Overtime premium

4、： overtime hours are paid at a higher rate than the basic hourly rate.Bonus payments： a payment in addition to a basic salary,eitherfor achieving or exceeding certain targets. Piecework systemsof pay per unit2. labor turnoverLabor turnover =Wages = Units produced x Rate1111m ber of leavers who requi

5、re replacementsaverage number of employee世 100%3. labor efficiencyEfficiency ratio二 Expec ted hours t。produce out put (std hours) * 帧 Actual hours to produce output厂 穴.,. N o.o f h ozirs sp en t work ing ( q ctivs pro ducti on -Capacity ratio二:-: -;Total hours available (budgetedProduction volume ra

6、t3=匚川二Tcta! hours availabls (budg&tBtiy,std htiors t t Autual Du.tpu.tv:上式二一 bzidtBc! output 亦五三、Accounting for overheads1.absorption costingPrime cost / direct costOverheads / indirect costProduction overheads (indirect materials, indirect labor, indirect expenses)Non-production overheads (administ

7、ration overheads, selling and distribution overheads) Absorp tion rate二CiZ70F?Z0l3d COStSuo lum& o f a c tii tybudgeted production overhead budgeted p-roductian activityDr production Prede termined absorp tion rate二2. under/over absorbed a. If Actual overhead incurred - Absorbed overhead = NEGATIVE

8、(N), then overheads are over absorbed (O) (NO)b.If Actual overhead incurred - Absorbed overhead = POSITIVE (P), then overheads are under absorbed (U) (PU) Overhead absorbed=Actual activity * absorption rate based on the budget.Cost ledger: a manufacturing organization might record its costs in a set

9、 of ledger accounts, called cost ledger.The ledgers not contain accounts for bank, debtors, non-current assets. Cost control accounts, it is for recording the matching double entry whenever the entry would be to an account not contained in the cost ledger. Raw mat erial, WIP or Finished goodsa. Buy:

10、 Dr raw mat erial Cr cos t con trol 仝b. issue: Dr WIPDr produc tion 1HDr non-production 二Cr raw materialc. finished: Dr finished good Cr WIP Labora.Pay: Dr salary and wagesCr cost control 仝b.Apportion: Dr WIPDr non-produc tion Cr salary and wages Manufac turing overheada. Incurred: Dr production Cr

11、cost control 上b. Absorption: Dr WIPCr production 二Cr 7c. Over-absorbed： Dr production Under-absorbed： Dr -Cr production 二四、1.job cos ting Price二uni t cos t + pro fit price二 unit cost+ （unit cost “1” n%2. Batch costingCost per unit batch =tctal production cost of btztchnu：mbbt of uniin batch五、I.Norma

12、l lossSolution procedures:Calculate the number of normal loss unitsCalculate the expected number of output unitsTotal the process costsCalculate the cost per unitWrite up the process account and normal loss account_Total progress cost Scrip value of normal less （残值）Cost per unit =Excepted Output2. A

13、bnormal lossWIP: work-in-progress product.Equivalent units: units of output remains in an uncompleted state can be expressed as a proportion of a completed unit.3. Weight average methodcost离初&本期实际E如-期初约当畫,本期豹当蚩Equivalent units: all completed units and the closing WIP work done. Costs to be accounted

14、 for: opening stock values and current costs. Cost per equivalent unitCosts of finished productionComplete the process account4. The FIFO methodCost 本期实际发生的成本E佃本期的约当董Equivalent units: the completion of opening WIP, units started and completed in the period, the work done on closing WIP.Costs to be a

15、ccounted for: current cost added.Cost per equivalent unit.Cost of finished production: cost from opening WIP value at the beginning of the period add conversion cost added in this period, cost of finished goods which started and completed in this period, value of closing WIP. Complete the process account