语言矫治基础知能研习

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1、語言矯治基礎知能研習 溝通,語言,以及口語的關係Communication溝通Language語言Speech 口語Communication 溝通Owens,1990 Communication is the process by which individual exchange information and convey ideas.“溝通”是個體之間交換訊息以及 傳達思想的過程Language 語言Language is a systematic and conventional code used to express ideas and communicate.“語言”是一種約定

2、成俗的系統性符 號,用來表達思想及溝通語言的三要素Semantic(Content)Use(Pragmatic)Form(PhonologyMorphologySyntax)Bloom and Laheys model of language.(1978)文法音韻 構詞 句法意思正常 三者交會 Semantic 語意n即”語言所表達的內容”(the content of language)n反應個體由經驗所得的知識以及認知發展,不同人對相同的語詞可能有不同的理解.Form 語形n語形就是把聲音以及符號以 能產生意義的各種連結方式n包含了音韻規則(Phonology),語詞規則(Morpholo

3、gy),以及句型規則(Syntax)Phonology 音韻學n管理聲音以及聲音結合方式的一套系統n語音的最小單位:音素(Phoneme)n以特定的方式將音素結合以組成字n如:and /b/P/拔 爬Morphology 構詞學n掌管構詞規則n語詞的最小單位:詞素(Morpheme)就是掌管字詞意義的最小單位n如:,ball,happy,happ,playSyntax 句法n掌管句型結構n以特定的辭彙排列順序組織出不同句型n以不同的順序重組相同的辭彙可能會變成 全然不同的意義 Pragmatic 語用n即”在各種不同情境中(使用語言)達成溝通目的”,亦即”語言的功用”n如:打招呼,提出/回答

4、問題,尋求/提供訊息,要求澄清等n說者須顧及聽者的程度以及非語言得情境以達成自己的溝通目的n包含了對話的規則Rules of Conversation 對話的規則nInitiate 開啟一個話題nMaintain 維持一個話題nTake Turn 輪流 (發言)nRespond Appropriately 合宜的回應nTell A Cohesive Narrative 有凝聚性的一段敘述Correspondence and Integration of the Components of Language語言三要素之整合語言的三要素Semantic(Content)Use(Pragmatic)

5、Form(PhonologyMorphologySyntax)Bloom and Laheys model of language.(1978)Speech 口語是眾多溝通模式中的一種需要口部神經肌肉精準且協調的動作來製造聲音以及語言單位想法神經傳導講 者無形語言聽者腦袋聽覺回饋聲波溝通,語言,以及口語的關係CommunicationLanguageSpeechPragmatic 語用即”在各種不同情境中(使用語言)達成溝通目的”,亦即”語言的功用”如:打招呼,提出/回答 問題,尋求/提供訊息,要求澄清等說者須顧及聽者的程度以及上下文以及溝通的情境以達成自己的溝通目的包含了對話的規則Basic

6、 Anatomy of SpeechuSpeech is perhaps the most“gymnastic“activity we ever do.uSpeech involves the complex interaction of over 100 muscles.The Production of SpeechuRespiration 呼吸uPhonation 發聲uArticulation 構音Respiratory System 呼吸系統Respiratory SystemuIncludes the rib cage,lungs,abdomen and all their ass

7、ociated muscles.uThe pump that controls movement of air.uIn English all sounds are produced with air moving out of the lungs and thus they are called egressive sounds.uIn some languages,some sounds are also produced while air is coming into the lungs;called ingressive.資料來源 http:/www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jc

8、oleman/phonation.htm 發聲系統(二)發聲系統(三)資料來源 http:/www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/linguistik/khwagner/phonetik/kapitel4.htm會厭 發聲系統(四)http:/www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/phonation.htm The process of shaping of the air stream to create the specific sounds of speech.(the structures involved=the articulators)構音器官將氣流塑造成

9、不同的狀態以產生不同聲音uSometimes sounds are produced while the articulators assume a fixed position,and sometimes the articulators are moving as the sound is being produced.有些聲音是需要構音器官停留在固定擺位時發出;而有些聲音則需要一邊送出氣流,一邊 (即改變發聲管道的型態)才能成功發聲 1-nasal cavity2-lips3-teeth4-aveolar ridge5-hard palate6-velum(soft palate)7-u

10、vula8-apex(tip)of tongue9-blade(front)of tongue10-dorsum(back)of tongue11-oral cavity12-pharynx13-epiglottis14-larynx15-vocal cords16-trachea17-esophagus http:/ Tract =everything from the glottis up to the lips.(從聲門以上道氣流出口的此一管道稱為”發聲管道”)uAlveolar ridge(齒齦,齒槽,牙齦)=bony ridge just behind the upper front

11、 teeth.uHard palate 硬顎 =bony part of the roof of the mouth;connects to the soft palate.(口腔內上方”天花板”硬質的部分)uSoft palate 軟顎 =soft part of the roof of the mouth.(口腔內上方軟質的部分)uUvula(懸雍垂)=short fleshy extension of the soft palate.(what you see hanging down at the back of the throat when you look in the mout

12、h.)uNormally the velum is down allowing air to flow out through the nose.放鬆狀態時會垂下以利氣流通過鼻腔 It is closed during most of speech.在說話時會有不同程度的關閉 when it is raised it helps close off the velopharyngeal port 當軟顎上抬時會幫助腭咽的關閉 uVelopharyngeal port(back of the nose)-directing air out the mouth.腭咽(軟顎+後咽壁)緊閉時可引導氣流

13、流向口腔uClosure of the velopharyngeal port also involves movement of the walls of the pharynx.腭咽的閉鎖和後咽壁有關軟顎uConnected to the base of the skull by the 藉由顳顎關節與顱骨基部相接uCan move up and down,side to side as well as back and forth(to a limited degree)在一定的範圍內,可上下左右前後移動uAssists with raising and lowering of the

14、tongue and opening and closing the lips.與舌位高低以及嘴唇的開合有關 資料來源 http:/www.rad.washington.edu/anatomy/modules/TMJ/TMJAnatomy.htmluMuscular organ that has no internal skeleton.是一個內部沒有骨骼的肌肉組織uCan be divided into several functional parts.Body,tip(apex),blade,dorsum(back),root.可依功能再細分為數個部位:舌的主體,舌尖,舌面,舌背,舌的根部

15、Divisions of Tongue 舌頭部位生理舌根舌根音The Tongue 舌頭(二)uTongue Body舌的主體 Position of the tongue body in the mouth is used to describe where the tongue is producing vowels.在描述母音發音位置”高低前後”所指的就是舌頭本體的位置uTongue Tip(apex)舌尖 Involved in the production of over 50%of all speech sounds.有50%語音都需用到舌尖發音 The tongue tip is

16、 the most mobile of the articulators.是所有構音器官中最容易移動的The Tongue 舌頭(三)uTongue Blade 舌面 Area just behind the tip.緊接在舌尖後方的區域 Directly involved in only a few speech sounds but helps shape the tongue for many others.有一些語音是以這個部位構音uTongue Dorsum(Back)舌背 Used to contact the back part of the hard palate and th

17、e soft palate.用來和硬顎後方以及軟顎相接觸的部位u Tongue Root舌的根部 most posterior portion of the tongue.舌頭的最後部份 forms the front of the pharynx.構成咽部的前面部位 not directly involved in any English sounds but helps shape the vocal tract for many sounds 在英語及國語中都沒有直接以這個部位發出的聲音The Lips 唇uUsed to directly create several consonan

18、ts.Sounds here called“labial”sounds.用來發出雙唇音uMay be protruded(extended)to add“lip rounding”to many vowels.makes the vocal tract longer.可再往外延伸(噘起),而產生”圓唇母音”u Lower lip usually moves more than upper.下唇的動作通常比上唇大uOpening and closing of the lips is often assisted by movement of the jaw.唇的開合需要下頷輔助語言障礙 Dela

19、yed 遲緩 Impaired,Deviant/Disordered 異常/障礙Categorical Orientation(Clinical Syndromes)Mental Retardation 智障 Hearing Impriament 聽障 Autism 自閉 Specific Language Impairment 特定語言障礙 Other Syndromes 其他症候群By symptom 依症狀分類 Articulation/Phonological Disorder Language Disorder Hearing Disorder Voice Disorder Flue

20、ncy Disorder Voluntary Movement Disorder注音符號聲 母 韻 母 An Introduction to Speech Sound Disorder語音障礙之簡介(Articulation/Phonological Disorder)國音聲母的音韻歷程分析lPlacement Placement 發音位置1.Bilabial Manner 發音方法1.Stop 5.Lateral Voicing/voiceless(有/無聲or濁/清音)l Four voicing consonants in Chinese are -Unaspiration/Aspira

21、tion 塞音塞擦音擦音鼻音邊音不送氣送氣不送氣送氣上唇下唇雙唇音上齒下齒唇齒音上齒背舌尖舌尖前音上牙齦舌尖音硬顎舌尖後舌尖後音國語語音韻母(母音/韻母/元音)分析1.Placement of tongue 發音時舌頭位置的前後 前央後2.Height of tongue 發音時舌頭位置的高低 高中低3.Lip shape 發音時嘴唇的形狀 展唇,圓唇*舌位高低與唇形會受到下頷開合之影響*很容易影響語言清晰度，錯在下面的音很難猜出來國音韻母發音位置及方法表國音韻母結構分類 單韻母:複韻母:=,=,=,=聲隨韻母:=n,=n,=,=結合韻母:介音+其他韻母 空韻 以國語為母語的小孩之音韻歷程發展

22、以國語為母語的小孩之音韻歷程發展l許洪坤(1987)Articulation disorder 構音障礙ubstitution 替代 ex:山-甘2.Omission 省略 ex:全部加鼻音 全部聲母3.Distortion 歪曲 ex:放錯位置4.Addition 添加 ex:錯加介音 變換時協調不好Phonological disorder 音韻歷程障礙lSubstitution processes 替代的歷程lAssimilation processes 同化的歷程lSyllable structure changes 單音/單詞結構的改變l Others 其他Substitution

23、Processes 替代的歷程lPlacement rules 發音位置的替代 Fronting 舌前音化 Backing 舌後音化lManner rules 發音方法的替代 Stopping 塞音化 Affrication 塞擦音化 Deaffrication 擦音化 Aspiration 送氣化 Unaspiration 不送氣化 Nasalization 鼻音化 Denasalization 去鼻音化Assimilation Processes 同化的歷程(progressive順向/regressive逆向)lLabial assimilation 受唇音同化 lAlveolar as

24、similation 受舌尖音同化lVelar assimilation 受舌根音同化lAspiration assimilation 受送氣音同化lUnaspiration assimilation 受不送氣音同化 lNasal assimilation 受鼻音同化Syllable Structure Changes 單音/單詞結構的改變lDeletion of initial consonant 結構中首位聲母之省略lReduction of diphthong 複韻母簡化(我)lUnstressed syllable deletion 非重音音節之簡化(衛生紙衛紙)其他音韻歷程障礙l M

25、etathesisl Multiple pattern occurrence國音聲母音韻歷程障礙簡圖ASSESSMENT 評估o Determining the need for intervention 決定治療介入之必要性oSpeech sample 採取語音樣本 intelligibility 語音清晰度oStimulability testing 嘗試可因接受刺激(治療)而改變的程度oContextual testing 結合不同語音情境測試oDialectical considerations 方言影響的考量oVocational/social considerations 職業/社

26、交功能的考量oAdditional assessment components 其他因素的評估Remediation Approaches 介入方式oTraditional articulation therapy傳統構音治療 Motor based,teaching a new“sound.”Focus on the phonetic accuracy of sounds.以”改變構音的動作”為主要目標,教個案發出一個新的音,治療時會很重視單音的正確與否oB.Phonological therapy 音韻歷程的治療 Cognitive-linguistic based,teaching ne

27、w“behavior.”Focus on the process and rely on generalization to untrained sounds with the same feature.以”改變對一群語音的認知”為主要目標,主要在教一個新的”發音行為.”治療時所注重的是一個發音歷程而非單音,並會同時類化至所有含該目標歷程特徵的語音中.CASE PRESENTATION NO.1 Name:張X達(4-year-old boy)Spontaneous speech sample(節錄):這 是 小 白兔弟弟踢皮 球 今天 星 期 三 爸爸帶我 去 上 學 CASE PRESENTATIONNo.2 Name:朱X榮(6-year-old boy)Spontaneous speech sample(節錄):我叫 朱 X 榮 g 大 象 鼻子長 長 的 老 師 我 要 小 白 兔 皮卡丘 拿 g氣 球 比賽 猜 拳