机械 中英文 外文翻译 5000

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1、A web-based manufacturing service systemfor rapid product developmentHongbo Lana, Yucheng Dinga,*, Jun Honga, Hailiang Huangb, Bingheng LuaAbstractThis paper proposes a novel integrated system of rapid product development based on rapid prototyping, and develops anetworked manufacturing service syst

2、em which offers better support for the rapid product development in small and mediumsized enterprises by taking full advantage of the quickly evolving computer network and information technologies. The architecture of the networked manufacturing service system is presented. Furthermore, some of the

3、key issues, includingmodelling and planning a manufacturing chain, selecting feasible collaborative manufacturers, queuing a manufacturing task, using the synchronously collaborative work environment, and constructing a suitable running platform, are described in detail. Java-enabled solution, toget

4、her with web techniques, is employed for building such a networked service system. Finally, an actual example is provided illustrating the application of this service system.Keywords:Rapid product development; Rapid prototyping; Service system; Web-based application1. IntroductionThis is the era of

5、information technology. Informationtechnology has influenced every realm of society, and dramatically impacted on the traditional industry.Current industries are facing the new challenges:quick response to business opportunity has been consideredas one of the most important factors to ensurecompany

6、competitiveness; manufacturing industry isevolving toward digitalization, network and globalization.In order to respond to the change effectively,manufacturing strategy has to be modified from timeto time in accordance with the market situation andcustomer demand. Any change of strategy should enabl

7、e manufacturers to be better equipped themselves,with capabilities to cope with demands suchas a faster response to market changes, a shortenedlead time of production, improved quality and speed,the ability to deliver quality products to global customers,and improved communications and transportatio

8、nsystem 1. It is an established fact that the useof computers in design and manufacturing constitutesthe most significant opportunity for substantial productivitygain in industry. It has now been widelyaccepted that the future of manufacturing organizationswill be information-oriented, knowledge dri

9、venand much of their daily operations will be automatedaround the global information network that connectseveryone together 2. In order to meet the demand ofrapid product development, various new technologiessuch as reverse engineering (RE), rapid prototyping (RP), and rapid tooling (RT) have emerge

10、d and areregarded as enabling tools with abilities to shorten theproduct development and manufacturing time. Forexample, it has been claimed that RP can cut newproduct development costs by up to 70% and the timeto market by 90% 3. However, these equipments aretoo expensive for the small and medium s

11、ized enterprises(SMEs), and many techniques such as 3D CADsolid modelling, RP process planning, free-form surfacesreconstruction, etc., require the high skilled personnelto complete. Therefore, it is especially difficultfor the SMEs to take full advantage of these technologiesin the product developm

12、ent process. In order tooffer the support of rapid product development fornumerousSMEs,manyRPservice bureaus (SBs)whichcan not only manufacture physical prototype and rapidtooling but also provide other engineering services,have been established. By 2001, there are more than500 SBs all over the worl

13、d. But not every SB canpossess all design and manufacturing capabilitiesrequired, it must employ effectively the externalresource to better satisfy client requirements. Namely,a virtual enterprise which usually defined as a temporaryalliance of enterprises that come together to sharetheir skills, co

14、re competencies, and resource in order tobetter respond to business opportunities, whose cooperationis supported by computer networks 46, is tobe founded. Every SBconducts only the tasks of its corecompetencies, and depends on numerous partners tocarry out the remaining tasks that this SB has no suc

15、h manufacturing capabilities to accomplish in time.While a new thought emphasizing service quality is becoming a basic strategy by which manufacturing industries can win global competition in the 21st century. Teleservice engineering is an emerging fieldwhichaddresses service issue for manufacturers

16、 and customers. As digital manufacturing technique progresses quickly, digital service will be integrated seamlessly into the digital design and manufacturing system 7. The internet, incorporating computers and multimedia, has provided tremendous potential for remote integration and collaboration in

17、 business and manufacturing applications. In order to provide a production collaborative environment for many SMEs and SBs to implement the networked manufacturing, it is especially urgent for many SBs and SMEs to construct a service platform of networked manufacturing to speed up the product develo

18、pment process of the SMEs.The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Related research work is reviewed in Section 2. In Section 3, we introduce an integrated system of rapid product development based on RP. Section 4 describes the workflow and functional design of the networked manufacturing ser

19、vice system. The configuration of system running platform is presented in Section 5. In Section 6, we discuss the design of internet application. A case study is demonstrated in Section 7. Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper.2. Related researchWith the development of computer network and informat

20、ion technologies, the networked manufacturing techniques are playing a more and more important role in manufacturing industry. Substantial investments have been made to support the research and practice of networked manufacturing (telemanufacturing or global manufacturing) from both the academi c co

21、mmunity and industrial bodies all over the world in recent years. A number of strategies and frameworks have been proposed. Abdel-Malek et al. 8 described a structure within which a company can outsource several of its production and design activities via internet and developed a model to aid a comp

22、any in selecting among the available technological and functional alternatives to maximize its flexibility. Montreuil et al. 9 presented a strategic framework for designing and operating agile manufacturing networks, enabling to collaboratively plan, control and manage day-to-day contingencies in a

23、dynamic environment. Tso et al. 10 introduced the architecture of an agent-based collaborative service support system, which is able to carry out service requests in a manufacturing information network through some specially designed virtual agents. Cheng et al. 11 put forward an integrated framewor

24、k for web-based design and manufacturing which is developed based on Java solution and CORBA-ORG broking technologies. Offodile and Abdel-Malek 12 introduced a framework for integrating IT and manufacturing strategies using the virtual manufacturing paradigm. Huang et al. 13 presented a holonic fram

25、ework for virtual enterprises and control mechanisms of virtual enterprises under this framework. OSullivan 14 described an information architecture and associated toolset for understanding and managing the process of business development. Akkermansa and Horstc 15 discussed managerial aspects of inf

26、ormation technology infrastructure standardisation in networked manufacturing firms and presented a strategic framework to guide managers in making sensible decisions regarding IT infrastructure standardisation, based on a number of pre-existing economic and management theories, such as transaction

27、cost theory, organisational design and IT maturity growth stages. Jin et al. 16 presented a research on key application technologies and solutions, which includes a network safety strategy which ensures data transfer among the leaguer members; production data management based on Web/DOT (distributed

28、 object technology) and XML criteria which ensure data exchange in structure-variance characteristic environments; the network platform which provides the conversion service of different types of CAD files. Woerner and Woern 17 introduced a new web service based platform providing developed methods

29、for co-operative plant production within virtual engineering.To full realize the teleservice engineering in todays globalized manufacturing industry and meet the current market situation and customer demand, a number of global manufacturing networks have been established by, among others, the Societ

30、y of Manufacturing Engineer 18, Lockheed Martin (AIMSNET) 19 and 3M (the 3M Innovation Global Network) 20.Todays industries are facing serious structural problems brought about by their rapid development of overseas activities under a global integrated manufacturing environment. Service and maintena

31、nce are becoming extremely important practices for companies to maintain their manufacturing productivity and customer satisfaction in foreign regions. Due to the inherent problems of traditional help desk support, some companies have started developing web-based online customer service support syst

32、em. Foo et al. 21 described an integrated help desk support for customer service via internet. Lee 7 discussed the concept and framework of a teleservice engineering system for the life cycle support of manufacturing equipment and products. A system for remote customer support has been created in th

33、e FCSA demonstrator of the Globerman 21 project 22. The purpose of these systems above is to provide effective and responsive remote support to customers in the use, maintenance and troubleshooting of their equipment.University of California is studying and developing a project called the Tele-Manuf

34、acturing Facility (TMF) which is to create an automated RP capability on the Internet. TMF allows users to easily submit jobs and have the system automatically maintain a queue. While it can automatically check many flaws in .STL files, and in many cases, fix them 23. RP potentially offers great ben

35、efits when used during the design and manufacturing process. However, RP must be used in an effective manner if these benefits are to be fully exploited. The RP-novices have a lot of difficulties in getting a global view of the RP technique and in tackling well founded decision for investment or out

36、sourcing of RP tasks because of the very quick appearance of new and improved processes in this field. In order to help novices select a suitable RP process, the rapid prototyping system selector has been developed by many researchers 24 27. Quickparts. com, which is a privately held manufacturing s

37、ervices company dedicated to providing customers with an on-line E-commerce system to procure lowvolume and high-volume custom manufactured parts, has developed a QuickQuote system. The QuickQuote system enables customers to get instant, customerized quotations for the production of their parts 28.

38、3D Systems Company, which is the earliest and biggest RP equipment manufacturer, has provided RP&M service for customer via Internet 29.From these literatures survey, it is clear that most of studies mainly focused on the strategy and overall architecture of networked manufacturing as well as indivi

39、dual function module, there is still no comprehensive and banausic networked manufacturing service system to support rapid product development. Built on the emerging researches and our earlier work (e.g. Refs. 30,31), a web-based manufacturing service system for rapid product development is to be es

40、tablished.3. Architecture of the integrated system ofrapid product developmentThe development process from initial conceptual design to commercial product is an iterative process which includes: product design; analysis of performance, safety and reliability; product prototyping for experimental eva

41、luation; and design modification. Therefore, any step of new product development process has a direct and strong influence on time-to-market. A good product development system must enable designers or design teams to consider all aspects of product design, manufacturing, selling and recycling at the

42、 early stage of a design cycle. So that design iteration and changes can be made easily and effectively. The more fluent the feedback is, the higher possibility success of the system has. Design for manufacturing (DFM) and concurrent engineering (CE) require that product and process design be develo

43、ped simultaneously rather than sequentially 32.The integrated system of rapid product development is composed of three modules: digital prototype, physical prototype and rapid tooling and functional part manufacturing system. The product development starts from the creation of a 3D model using a 3D

44、CAD software package. At that stage the product geometry is defined and its aesthetic and dimensional characteristics are verified. The main function of digital prototype is to perform 3D CAD modelling. The product and its components are directly designed on a 3D CAD system (e.g. Pro/Engineer, Unigr

45、aphics, CATIA, IDEAS, etc.) during the creative design process. If a physical part is available, the model can be constructed by the reverse engineering (RE) technique. RE is a methodology for constructing CAD models of physical parts by digitizing an existing part, creating a digital model and then

46、 using it to manufacturing components 33. RE can reduce the development cycle when redesigns become necessary for improved product performance. Pre-existing parts with features for improved performance can be readily incorporated into the desired part design. When a designer creates a new design usi

47、ng mock-up, it is also necessary to construct the CAD model of the mock-up for further use of the design data in analysis and manufacturing. The three primary steps in RE process are part digitization, features extraction, and 3D CAD modelling. Part digitization is accomplished by a variety of conta

48、ct or non-contact digitizers. There are various commercial systems available for part digitization. There systems range from coordinate measuring machine (CMM), laser scanners to ultrasonic digitizers. They can be classified into two broad categories: contact and non-contact. Laser triangulation sca

49、nner (LTS), magnetic resonance images (MRI), and computer tomography (CT) are commonly used non-contact devices. Contact digitizers mainly have CMM and cross-sectional imaging measurement (CIM). Feature extraction is normally achieved by segmenting the digitized data and capturing surface features s

50、uch as edges. Part modelling is fulfilled through fitting a variety of surface to the segmented data points 34. In order to reduce the iterations of design-prototypetest cycles, increase the product process and manufacturing reliability, it is necessary to guide in optimization of the product design

51、 and manufacturing process through CAE.The CAD model can be directly converted to the physical prototype using a RP technique. RP is a new forming process which fabricates physical parts layer by layer under computer control directly from 3D CAD models in a very short time. In contrast to traditiona

52、l machining methods, the majority of rapid prototyping systems tend to fabricate parts based on additive manufacturing process, rather than subtraction or removal of material. Therefore, this type of fabrication is unconstrained by the limitations inherent in conventional machining approaches 35. RP

53、 potentially offers great benefits when used during the design and manufacturing process. It can help shorten time-to-market, improve quality and reduce cost. Over the last 10 years, RP machines have been widely used in industry. The RP methods commercially available include Stereolithgraphy (SL), S

54、elective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Manufacturing (FDM), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), Ballistic Particle Manufacturing (BMP), and Three Dimensional Printing (3D printing) 36, etc.RTis a technique that transforms the RP patterns into functional parts, especially metal parts. Fur

55、thermore, the integration of both RP and RT in development strategy promotes the implementation of concurrent engineering in companies. Numerous processes have been developed for producing dies fromRP system. The RT methods can generally be divided into direct and indirect tooling categories, and al

56、so soft (firm) and hard tooling subgroups. Indirect RT requires some kinds of master patterns, which can be made by conventional methods (e.g. HSM), or more commonly by an RP process such as SL or SLS. Direct RT, as the name suggests, involves manufacturing a tool cavity directly on the RP system, h

57、ence eliminating the intermediateorRapidTooling3D CADCAI-uoHurd IoolinEMetal:poxysprayingInvcsEmcntPhysicalFrrotorpcDigitalPrototypeChemical BondedMetal Powder3QuickCastingPreci sumLunulio 口包 IPart31ImnsfcrPrtKCS.5ChemicalBondedCenicnicPtnderPlasicCastingl-.leiZlFO ibrmingAbradingProcessl-DMIdectnod

58、eCeramicCasting CastingRTVMo Mi ng MouldLostIoain CastingCreril iveCATIAID! ASFDM3D CAD model ling wOr hersIndi Mt rroolitExistingl1 1SLSLGDM315PFDhfDirccr ToolingSoft Tool incMetalCupperDicctroibnniityNetShapeISpraying ,wPe 匕 ixmM：)rnw3step of generating a pattern 37. On the basis of aboveteChniqUe

59、sH novel integrated system of rapid product development is to be established. Its detailed structure is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Architecture of the integrated system ot rapid product development.4. The workflow and function designThe workflow of the service system of networkedmanufacturing is shown

60、in Fig. 2. The first step is to log in to the website of SB. Users have to enter their names and passwords. Those without registration or authorization can also enter into the system, but they are limited to viewing the information that is open to the public such as typical cases in this system pass

61、word entered by the user will be verified by the system. After entering the SB website successfully, the system will check the security level of users, and determine which modules they can access or employ. According to authentication for the system, all usersa re to be divided into four categories:

62、 general users (without registration), potential clients, real clients, and system administrator. Received job requests from clients, the SB will perform firstly process planning which fulfills the task decomposition and selects the most suitable process methods. It is necessary for users to get the

63、 preliminary product quote and manufacturing time from the SB before the follow-up process continues. If such results may be accepted initially, The SB will negotiate further with users by Video-conferencing system. Once come to term each other, a contract is to be confirmed, and the user becomes a

64、real client. The manufacturing tasks submitted by real clients had better be implemented in the SB. However, if the SB has no such manufacturing capabilities or can not accomplish then in time, it is an effective way that the SB takes full advantage of external sources to carry out the remaining tas

65、ks.ProductionProgress InquiryRemote UsersLogin Security C-heckJob RequirementXLCE ManufacturingProcess PlanningnClient ManagementContract ManagementBusiness NegotiatiojiContract ManagementBusiness Negotiation4 PotE】itkdC1iiDr| ReeH ClientLegendThe next step is to select the appropriate collaborative manufacturing enterprises to form aEstimate Production Cost Emd h佃nufhctimng Tin】亡CollaborativeEnterprises (CE)Task Assignment