高级英语第二册第八课课后题答案ppt课件

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1、Lesson 8The worker as Creator or Machine-by Fromm,Erich(1900-1980)Aims 1.To know the author,Erich Fromm2.To learn the writing technique of causation3.To appreciate the language features Teaching Contentsn1.Erich Fromm n2.Causation and the thesisn2.Detailed study of the textn3.Organizational patternn

2、4.Language featuresn5.Exercises Time allocation1.The introduction of the author (10 min.)2.Causation and the thesis(10min.)3.Detailed study of the text(115 min.)4.Structure analysis(15 min.)5.Language appreciation(15 min.)6.Exercises(15 min)Fromm,Erich1.German-American psychoanalyst and author2.Born

3、 in Frankfurt,Germany3.Ph.D.University of Heidelbery 海德堡大学4.In 1934,he came to the US,practiced psychoanalysis and lectured at various institutions.Fromm,ErichnAs a psychoanalyst,he applied psychoanalysis to social,political,religious,moral activities.He was particularly interested in the study of i

4、ndividual and society.He paid much attention to self human realization.Fromm,ErichnHe took views of Freud and he attempted a synthesis(combination)and reformulation(systematical expression)of Freud and Marx.Fromm,Erichn He is also a self-styled Marxist,but his idea is against the theory of Marxism,f

5、or he used to view things from psychoanalysis,not from class struggle.His point of viewnHe held that man is a product of his culture.Social character is not determined by instinct(biological drive)but rather shaped by cultural training.n个体的人格是文化的产物，而不是生物学的产物。His worksnEscape from Freedom 逃离自由nThe Sa

6、ne Society 健全的社会nThe Art of Loving 爱的艺术nPsychoanalysis and Religion 精神分析学与宗教His worksnMay Man Prevail 愿人类成功nThe Revolution of Hope 希望革命nThe Anatomy of Human Destructiveness 人类毁灭之分析nBeyond the Chains of Illusions 越过幻想之链His works This piece is an excerpt from“The Sane Society”1955.In this book,Fromm i

7、s mainly concerned with the effect of a sociological environment on Americans which exalts(praise)success through petition 2.human alienation that accompanies technological development which isolates the workman from the finished product.alienate estrange,turn away,set against,disunite,separate,divi

8、deAnt.-unite,reconcileThe theme of the textnThis text is discussing the workers position in the society.The workers are no longer creator but becoming more and more like machine.nIt is about mens attitude towards work.Work has become an alienating factor.The textThe change of the meaning of worknIn

9、ancient times,work-satisfactory,a pleasurable thingnIn modern times,work-a duty,forced labor,The text deals with the reason and result of this alienationliterary stylenexpositionnThe main thesis is better expressed in the first sentence of the deleted paragraph“the meaning of work in an alienated so

10、ciety”.The thesis-n“He is part of the machine,rather than its master as an active agent.”(para.6)The methodnThe method the writer uses in the expository writing is causal analysis/causation 因果分析 Causation nIt means something happened is 1)because of sth else2)as a result of sth.elsenIn this lesson,t

11、he writer explained the reason why man changes the attitude toward work and its effect.Detailed study of the textnPara.1-the specific positive values of workPara.1 nWhat are the specific positive values of work?1.Work enables human beings to rise from the animal kingdom.2.Work liberates men from nat

12、ure and makes them into social beings and work together in a cooperative way.positive values:3.Work molds and changes nature and himself.4.Work develops mans different powers,skills,capacities,personality and creativity.Para.1 nMan is first of all an animal,and he can be differentiated from other an

13、imals in that,among other things he produces,he makes tools,and other new things out of the raw materials he finds around him.kingdom-nall natural objects have been classified into three great divisions1.animal kingdom2.vegetable kingdom3.mineral kingdomHe separates.By becoming natures master,by sta

14、tioning himself above nature,man separates himself from nature.But at the same time he connects himself once again to nature to further conquer her and develop his understanding of her.In molding nature Mans abilities and powers as a species,and mane individual abilities and powers(of cooperation,re

15、ason and sense of beauty)increase and deepen as a result of controlling nature and remaking her to fulfill his needs.all are expressions All the abovementioned work shows how man has transformed nature thought his reason and skill creatively.Para.2 ndetailed description of the meaning of work to man

16、.Work was satisfactionnThe paragraph deals with the subject of craftsmanship.According to Mills and Fromm craftsmanship involves the control of the work process by the individual worker.At its height in the late Middle Ages,it enhanced mans productive powers and was a source of great satisfaction to

17、 the craftsman.C.Wright.MillsnAn American sociologist,known as one of the very few outstanding social critics during the McCarthy period.his best known work is White Collar(1951),from which his quotation is taken,and The Power and Elite.He died in 1962.McCarthy American politician.A U.S.senator from

18、 Wisconsin(1947-1957),he presided over the permanent subcommittee on investigations and held public hearings in which he accused army officials,members of the media,and public figures of being Communists.His charges were never proved,and he was censured by the Senate in 1954.McCarthy 麦卡锡，约瑟夫雷芒德1908-

19、1957美国政治家，来自威斯康星州的美国参议员(1947-1957年）。他指责许多军队官员、新闻媒介内部工作人员和公众人物为共产党，并指挥一个永久委员会分会对他们进行调查和公开审判。他的指控从未成立，1954年他受到议会的谴责Why work was a pleasure to man?nBecause the worker is free to control his own working action.He is responsible for the whole production process.Why does the writer use a quotation?nto pro

20、ve his idea in a more direct waynto give a kind of authority to what he says-A paraphrase would not provide that directness and authority.What does“There is no split of work”mean?There is a close relationship between work and pleasure.They go hand in hand.While the worker is working,he enjoys himsel

21、f.When he is making sth,he learns sth.Para.3 nBackground knowledge why work is a duty?nWhats protestants idea about work?nThey held that all men are born sinful.They must work hard to purify their souls.God then will take them to paradise after they die.newly won freedomnFreedom from feudal restrict

22、ions.The craftsman felt safe and secure in his guild and profession,but became afraid now that he was entirely on his own in a highly competitive society.The outcome nEarly Protestantism maintained that most souls are predestined by birth by God to eternal damnation and a few to be saved after death

23、.But theres no way that anyone can know which is which.obviously people lived in fear.All one could hope for was a sign from God that he might be among the elect,even though a sign was no guarantee.nIt was believed that any form of sinfulness was likely indication of damnation,whereas ceaseless work

24、,especially if it resulted in wealth,could be sign of salvation.Clearly,work lost all the intrinsic positive aspects it formerly had,and instead became purely and simply a method to achieve wealth and success.asceticism-a special term in religion self-denying mode of livingna simple,strict way of li

25、fe with no luxuries or physical pleasures,which people usually lead because of their religious beliefs.Para.41.Work as duty,as a means for saving ones soul exists only for the upper and middle classes.2.Work as forced labor is for the laboring people.Para.5 nIn capitalist society the worker feels es

26、tranged from the work he is doing.modern man nWith work stripped both of its craftsmanship quality and meaning and of its sense of religious obligation,it no longer holds any deep attraction.Therefore,people feel themselves at loss,with no purpose or direction.Life is empty.Work becomes merely a tim

27、e-filler to escape the emptiness and meaningless of ones life.nThis is another psychoanalytic analysis of Fromm.We know the bourgeoisie amassed wealth through the exploitation of worker and the worker were forced to sell their labor in order to survive.something new nA new ideological driving force

28、for work has replaced the lost ones.The drive is now for more bigger,and better products.Fromm again misses the real point here.Profit is the real driving force of capitalism.Para.6What role the worker plays in the manufacturing of products?nA passive role,the worker plays a small isolated part in t

29、he process of production.He is not concerned with the whole product,because he makes only a part of it.His work can be explained as performing actions which can not be performed by machines.He is concerned neither withnHe doesnt care about the end product itself or the part it plays in the overall e

30、conomy or the way in which it serves the needs of society.Peter DruchernReknowned management consultantnThis quotation is taken from Concept of the Corporation (1946)p.179Work appears as something unnatural.To the worker,work seems like an intrusion,something which should not happen.It is an empty,u

31、npleasant,deadening,degrading and pointless means to an end-the pay check.devoid of-lacking of nIf someone or sth.is devoid of a quality of thing,they have absolutely none of it.-He was devoid of any talent whatsoever.-Such plans have been almost entirely devoid of social content.place/put a premium

32、 on-n重视；鼓励；助长nI put a premium on punctuality.nWork paid according to the amount puts a premium on speed and not on quality.按件付酬是导致重速度、轻质量的原因。put a premium on nGiving money to beggars may put a premium on idleness.nDoes high taxation put a premium on business dishonesty?高税收是否助长了商业欺诈行为？No wonder that

33、this puts a premium.nIts not surprising that the workers objective at work is to do as little as possible to get his pay.slowdown-deliberate decrease in the speed of productionslovenly-untidy,as in dress or appearance,sloppy,Someone who is slovenly is careless,untidy and inefficient in their appeara

34、nce and behavior 懒散的；草率的para.7 work is a means of getting money;worker tries to work less to get the same paypara.8nWhat is the root cause of this?nHow do you know?para.8nThe root cause of this alienation is the capitalist system.nFrom the statement:“The whole social organization of which he is a pa

35、rt”(para.8)The worker is not active.He has no responsibility for the work he is doing.He is not interested in the whole product.capital -The capitalist or the money of the capitalists that can hire worker and purchase all the other equipment necessary for production.human problem of industrynIndustr

36、y is the main thing and the human worker is part of it.In the capitalists eye,the workers are the trouble makers.If the workers problem is solved industry would go more efficiently.industrial problem of human beingsnFromm here attacks the attitude of the capitalists and society towards the workers.H

37、e thinks human being is the bigger thing and industry is the only activity of it.Man should be given the priority.Fromm is saying the psychological research should begin from the study of industrial problem among human beings instead of human problem in industry.formulation formulate to express in s

38、hort clear formunderlying-present but not obvious;implicitnThere are underlying similarities between all human beings.nThe underlying theme of the novel is very serious.Para.9 nIndustrial psychologists are trying to manage and control the mind of the workersnWhat problem are the industrial psycholog

39、ists mainly concerned with?nHow to make the worker work more smoothly and efficientlyTaylor,Frederick Winslow(1856-1915)nAmerican engineer,inventor and efficiency expert who pioneered the principles of“scientific management”in industry and business.“in the name of.”nUnder the guise of improving rela

40、tions between people,every possible trick/means is employed on the worker,which is only fit for the worker who is completely disinterested in his work.“Happiness”“human values”are also formulated in order to manipulate the worker.“in the name of.”n 在人际关系的名义下，他们用适合于对一切完全冷漠的人手段来对付工人就是幸福和人的价值观也是从与公众建立更

41、好的关系这个角度提出来的。It is going tonBetter relations with the public will yield larger profits to management.The management will earn larger profits if it has better relations with the public.pay off:nto yield full recompense or return,for either good or evil cold dollars and centsCold cash;hard cash;nothin

42、g but moneyattituden-Whats Fromms attitude toward“human relations”and“happiness”?1.dehumanizing/robotizing relations-inhuman relations2.mechanical repetitive action which is without doubt compulsoryspontaneity spontaneous-done,happening from natural impulse,not caused or suggested by sth or sb.outsi

43、de.nShe made a spontaneous offer of help.The alienated and profoundly nThe two results of alienation and unsatisfactory character of work are:none,the desire as a goal in life,not to work;nThe other a deep-seated often unconscious hatred of work and everything and everybody connected with it.Our adv

44、ertising Fromm thinks advertising nowadays appeals more to laziness and passivity than to the sexual appeal of women in order to sell their goods.But this usefulness.nBut such practical use only plays the role which rationalizes the appeal to extreme idleness and willingness to accept things.n但这种实用性

45、往往只起着使追求十足的消极散漫和坐享其成成为合理化的作用。Many a businessmannAccording to Fromm many businessmen fell trapped by the system which forces them to sell whatever they can regardless of the quality or usefulness the product.He has a feelingnThe businessman knows the quality of usefulness of his product is not what i

46、t should be.He despises the goods he produces,conscious of the deception involved.nfraudulency:deceit,trickery,cheatingOnly occasionally comes upnAll these feelings,according to Fromm,generally lie dormant in the unconscious.Only occasionally he becomes aware of them,and he feels upset for a moment

47、and then immediately forget them.Sum upnFromms psychoanalytical approach becomes quite clear here.There is no trace of class analysis at all.In fact,Fromm sympathizes equally with the worker and the capitalist.Profit and exploitation of the workers as the main driving force of the capitalists are no

48、t mentioned at all.Organizational patternn5 sectionsnSect.I para 1-2 nThe writer deals with general positive values of work nPara.1.the general idea of the meaning of work to man in ancient times.Organizational patternnPara.2.more specifically states what work means to craftsman in 13-14th century.n

49、Work was satisfactorynpleasurableninstructivenmeaningfulnHe cites examples of craftsman in 13-14th century to illustrate work.Organizational patternnSect.II para 3-4nHe deals with the change in the meaning of work to man,especially at the beginning of modern society(capitalism)What does work mean to

50、 man then?na duty and obsession-upper middle classnforced labor-poor laboring peopleOrganizational patternnSect.III para 5-7nHe deals with the change in the meaning of work to man now.nWork has become an alienating factor.Work alienates the workers from others,and worker has become part of the machi

51、ne.He is not a master,but slave of machine.Organizational patternnSect.IV para 8-9nThe cause of the changesnThe writer makes a general survey in the research of the causes of the changes from the industrial psychological point of view.Organizational pattern The relationship between the worker and wo

52、rk is determined by the whole social organization.1.The worker knows very little about other things.2.The worker is passive.3.He is isolated(alienated)from others.Organizational patternnSect.V para 10-13nThe effects(results)of this alienation.The workers have two reactions resulting from alienation.

53、1.laziness(para 11-12)2.hostility(para 13)Language features:1.long involved sentences2.passive voice3.abstract nounsLanguage featuresnproduction;attention;formulation;organization;management;isolation;laziness;passivity;receptivity;hostility;rationalization;routinization;spontaneity;manipulation;fra

54、udulency;satisfaction;intoxication-shipn加在人称名词上表示“作为 的身份或状态”nauthorship 著者身份nfriendship 友谊ncitizenship 公民权nmembership 会籍；党籍注：1.在封建尊称中的用法nyour Lordship殿下2.nonce-words 临时造的词ndogship sonship3.bachelorship注：5 lordship6 deanship10 trusteeship12 seamanship15 marksmanship注：17 township18 censorship20 citize

55、nship10 princeship 王子身份（职位）-dom1.表示等级、领土、集体或状态nfreedom;martyrdom 殉道;kingdom;officedom(政界)；wisdom2.表示集体，构成许多nonce-wordsnbourgeoisdom Paraphrase1.Because of the fact that man produces,he has evolved beyond all other animals.2.Work liberates human being from nature and makes him cooperate with other pe

56、ople and be independent from nature.Paraphrase3.All the work mentioned above are the examples of how man has transformed nature creatively through his intelligence and skill.4.While man is working,he enjoys h i m s e l f a n d t h e c u l t u r a l development of the worker also goes together with t

57、he work he is doing.Paraphrase5.According to Weber,work became the chief element in a thinking system of a very strict and self-denying way of life in the mind of people.Work was the only relief to those who felt alone and isolated.6.The worker is alienated/estranged/separated from the work he is do

58、ing.Paraphrase7.Work helps man to earn money,which is only an activity without much significance.8.Money cannot bring out the workers self-respect.9.Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.Paraphrase10.Better relations with the public will yield l

59、arger profits to management./or Capitalists will earn a lot profits if it has better relations with the public.Paraphrase11.The usefulness of many small appliances is often used by advertisers as reasonable means to appeal to extreme idleness and willingness to accept things.12.The businessman knows he is deceiving the customers into his product and he shows secret contempt for it.