并列、从属结构

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1、并列结构（并列结构（Coordinate Construction）l 概念 A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form,equal in rank of structure,identical in function and are connected by coordinators.l 不同层次的并列结构 trick or treat blue and white good but expensive a poet and

2、 a writer one way or the other with courage but without wisdom Jim may be wrong,but this doesnt make you right.Mary is a nurse,her brother is a doctor and her parents are both famous writers.l 并列结构中标点符号的使用（p338-339)并列句（并列句（compound sentence）的）的分类分类l 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可

3、不译出来。例如：He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。并列句（并列句（compound sentence）的）的分类分类l 表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如：It has no mouth,but i

4、t can talk.它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。School is over,yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。He wants to be a writer,while I want to be a scientist.他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。Its raining hard,however,we must go out.雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。并列句（并列句（compound sentence）的）的分类分类l 表示选择关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。or有两重

5、含义：(1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如：Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，表示条件。例如：You must tell the truth，or you will be punished你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。并列句（并列句（compound sentence）的）的分类分类l 表示因果关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连

6、接两个简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句简单句(结果结果)+for+简单句简单句(原因原因)。例如：He has many good friends,for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句简单句(原因原因)+so简单句简单句(结果结果)。例如：Mr.Li went to his hometown,so Mr.Wang was taking his class instead

7、李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替他课。并列句（并列句（compound sentence）的）的分类分类l 其他形式的并列句(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如：Use your head,and you will find a way动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如：Study hard,or you Will fall behind the others努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。并列句（并列句

8、（compound sentence）的）的分类分类 (3)“either.or”结构表示“不是就是”，“或者或者”，例如：Either my uncle can do it,or my aunt can do it.习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.(4)“not onlybut also”意思为“不仅而且”，例如：not only the students have missed the school car,but also the teacher has missed the school car.(5)“neitherno

9、r”结构，意为“既不也不”，“两者都不”，用法与either or,not only but also相同。使用并列句要注意的几种情况使用并列句要注意的几种情况 l 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号或冒号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如：We fished all day;we didnt catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。l 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。l 由so,no

10、r,neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：He is not a student,nor am I.Beibei can swim,so can I.从属结构从属结构l概念概念 Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower rank or position.A grammatical unit that function as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of structure is called a s

11、ubordinate construction,which can be a finite clause,a non-finite clause,a verbless clause,or a phrase.如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分，这种现象叫做其直接成分，这种现象叫做“从属从属”。例如：。例如：the man with a gun in his handthe man who was holding a gun in his hand从属结构可以是从属结构可以是词组词组（主要是介词词组），也可以是（主要是介词词组

12、），也可以是限限定分句定分句、非限定分句非限定分句或或无动词分句无动词分句。l限定从属分句限定从属分句 限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。例如：句。例如：What caused the fire is still a mystery.The man who did the robbery has been caught.Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancel the meeting.从属分句从属分句名词性分句名词性分句l名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，可以在句中作名词性

13、分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，可以在句中作主语、宾语、主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。lThat 从句作主语从句作主语 That 从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作主语，通常采用主语，通常采用 it 作先行主语，将作先行主语，将 that 从句放在后面。例如：从句放在后面。例如：That you do not like her has nothing to do with it.Its possible that therell be a vacancy.It is report

14、ed that the troops have already crossed the border.lThat 从句作补足语从句作补足语 That 从句也可以在系动词后作补足语，说明事实或想法。例如：从句也可以在系动词后作补足语，说明事实或想法。例如：My advice is that you should sell the car.The answer is simply that they arent interested in doing it.lThat 从句作宾语从句作宾语 That 从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如：从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如：He comp

15、lained that his meal was cold.Evidence indicated that the experiments were unsuccessful.少数几个介词后可以接少数几个介词后可以接 that 从句充当宾语，如从句充当宾语，如 except that,but that,save that,in that：I prefer his plan to yours,in that his is more practical.We know nothing about her save that her surname is Jones.名词性分句名词性分句lThat

16、从句作同位语从句作同位语 同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容，通常由同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容，通常由 that 引导，引导，除此外还可用除此外还可用 whether,what 等疑问词。例如：等疑问词。例如：We came to the decision that we must act at once.He made a proposal that the meeting be postponed.the fact that是较常见的同位语结构，例如：是较常见的同位语结构，例如：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs

17、 everybody in the office.He was held responsible for the fact that his dog had bitten his neighbor.It is impossible to disguise the fact that business is bad.名词性分句名词性分句名词性分句名词性分句lThat 的省略问题的省略问题 That 从句充当主语、补语、同位语时，一般不省略。从句充当主语、补语、同位语时，一般不省略。That 从句充当宾语时，如果前面的动词为常用动词，从句充当宾语时，如果前面的动词为常用动词，that 往往可以省略

18、，如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用往往可以省略，如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用的动词，的动词，that 不宜省略。例如：不宜省略。例如：She said(that)she was feeling better.The judge held that the childs interests in this case must come first.当一个句子有多个当一个句子有多个 that 从句充当宾语时，第一个从句充当宾语时，第一个 that 可以省略，但后面的可以省略，但后面的 that 不能省略。例如：不能省略。例如：He told me(that)he would go fishing

19、tomorrow afternoon and that he would invite Mary to go with him.lWhether/if 从句从句 Whether/if 从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句，从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。例如：采用陈述句的语序。例如：She asked whether/if I could speak French.She didnt say shed go or stay at home.Tell me you like it or not.I am wondering or not we will get there

20、 in time.Tell me to do it.I didnt know to believe him or not.Whether 和和 if 都可与都可与 or 或或 or not 连用，但连用，但 whether 可以直接后随可以直接后随 or not，if不行。不行。Whether 后可直接跟不定式，后可直接跟不定式，if不行。不行。充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语，引导同位语时，应充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语，引导同位语时，应该用该用 whether，不宜用，不宜用 if。名词性分句名词性分句lWh-从句从句Wh-从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句从句是由特殊疑问句转化

21、而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。试翻译下列句子：的语序。试翻译下列句子：他问我为什么迟到。他问我为什么迟到。至于你应该穿什么衣服，没有特别规定。至于你应该穿什么衣服，没有特别规定。他什么时候来取决于天气。他什么时候来取决于天气。这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。问题是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。问题是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。l 形容词性分句（关系分句）形容词性分句（关系分句）l 副词性分句（状语分句）副词性分句（状语分句）英语中的从属连词分类英语中的从属连词分类简单从属连词，如简单从属连词，如Before,since,although,because

22、,etc.复杂从属连词复杂从属连词As if,as long as,in case,etc.关联从属连词关联从属连词asso,sothat,hardlywhen,etc.边缘从属连词边缘从属连词The moment,the instant,etc.The instant she saw him,she knew he was her lost brother.Where there is a will,there is a way.You must do the exercises as I show you.Because it was wet,he didnt go out for a w

23、alk that day.What have I done that you should be so angry with me?The teacher speaks clearly so that his students can understand well.In case it rains,we wont be able to go there on foot.时间状语分句时间状语分句地点状语分句地点状语分句方式状语分句方式状语分句原因状语分句原因状语分句结果状语分句结果状语分句目的状语分句目的状语分句条件状语分句条件状语分句lWhen,while,as 三者都可以引导时间状语分句。

24、当用来表示一件事正在三者都可以引导时间状语分句。当用来表示一件事正在进行的时候（时间状语分句）又发生了另外一件事（主进行的时候（时间状语分句）又发生了另外一件事（主句）时，三者可以互换使用。例如：句）时，三者可以互换使用。例如：I saw him when/while/as he was walking in the park.注意要点：注意要点：While 一般可用一般可用 when 来替代，但来替代，但when 并不都能用并不都能用 while 替代。试比较：替代。试比较：John arrived I was cooking.John arrived,I was cooking.he he

25、ard a knock at the door,he turned on the light.when/whileWhenWhen谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时，最常用的是谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时，最常用的是 while。这种场合，这种场合，when 和和 as 都不常用。例如：都不常用。例如：What were you thinking about while I was reading the book?What were you doing while he was getting the drinks?如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生，最常用的是如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生，最常

26、用的是(just)as，也可以用，也可以用(just)when。例如：。例如：She dropped her glasses(just)as she stood up.I thought of it(just)when you opened your mouth.试观察：试观察：She gets more attractive she grows.The thought grew the day passed.asaslWhen 的特殊用法的特殊用法表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进行时，后接行时，后接 when 从句。例如：从

27、句。例如：I was taking a walk when I came across him.I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang.另一种结构是与另一种结构是与 be about to 或或 be on the point of 连用。例连用。例如：如：I was about to go to sleep when there was a knock on the door.I was on the point of leaving when you rang.表示表示“然后然后”、“而后而后”的意思。例如：的意思。

28、例如：I expect to be there two days or so,when I shall return.She was a bank clerk till the war,when she trained as a nurse.有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。lHardly/scarcelywhen/before,no soonerthan我刚坐下，他就进来了。我刚坐下，他就进来了。我们刚一出发，就下起了暴雨。我们刚一出发，就下起了暴雨。还可以将还可以将 hardly,scarcely,no sooner 置于句

29、首，但应注置于句首，但应注意倒装。例如：意倒装。例如：lAs soon as,the moment/instant(that)他们一推开门就听到说话声。（他们一推开门就听到说话声。（as soon as）我一眼就认出她来。（我一眼就认出她来。（the instant）我一接到你的口信就动身了。（我一接到你的口信就动身了。（the moment）我一做完工作就回家了。（我一做完工作就回家了。（directly/immediately/instantly）lAssoAs the planets revolve round the sun,so electrons revolve round the

30、 nucleus of an atom.倒装：倒装：As fire tries gold,so does adversity try virtue.沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。省略：省略：As in all other substances,so in liquids the molecules are constantly moving.=As in all other substances the molecules are constantly moving,so are the molecules in liquids.其它用法：其它用法：As lungs are to t

31、he animals,so leaves are to the plants.(what)As you go farther north,(so)the winter becomes longer.(the more,the more)As the desert is like a sea,so is the camel like a ship.lBecause,for使用使用 because 常见的错误：常见的错误：The reason(that/why)we stopped was because it started to snow.Why he was absent was becau

32、se he was ill.Because 用于否定式之后，常产生歧义。例如：用于否定式之后，常产生歧义。例如：She did not marry him because he was a lawyer.He doesnt like them because they are always helpful,but because they never complain.thatthatBecause 与与 for 的用法区别的用法区别The day breaks the sun is rising.The day breaks the birds are singing.it was rain

33、ing he took a taxi.A:why does the doctor look so tired and sleepy?B:he sat up all night with the patient.She didnt want to go to Africa,chieflythe weather is too hot.It is he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.because,forBecauseBecausebecausebecauselAs,since,now thatAs 表示的原因往往很明显或估计对方已经知道

34、，所以表示的原因往往很明显或估计对方已经知道，所以它只是说话者的附加说明。例如：它只是说话者的附加说明。例如：As rain has fallen,the air is cooler.As she didnt come,we left without her.Since 用法与用法与 as 类似，也用于附带说明；不同的是，类似，也用于附带说明；不同的是，since 有时含有根据存在的情况进行推断的意思，既表有时含有根据存在的情况进行推断的意思，既表示原因，又有条件的含义，通常译为示原因，又有条件的含义，通常译为“既然既然”。例如：。例如：Since that is so,there is no

35、 more to be said.Since it cant be helped,lets leave it at that.Now that 引起的从句表示由于新情况的出现而促成某引起的从句表示由于新情况的出现而促成某事发生。它与事发生。它与 since 的区别在于，它只能表示现在才发的区别在于，它只能表示现在才发生的情况。例如：生的情况。例如：Now that you mention it,I do remember the incident.Now that it has stopped raining,lets start at once.lSothat,suchthat,so tha

36、tSothat 表示结果表示结果She was so angry that she couldnt speak.He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him.Jack has so many friends that he cant remember all of them.Suchthat 表示结果表示结果It was such a foggy day that we could hardly see the road.So that 表示结果或目的表示结果或目的John spoke through a microphone so tha

37、t he could be heard in every room.So that he could be heard in every room,John spoke through a microphone.John spoke through a microphone,so that he was heard in every room.在正式文体中间或也能单独用在正式文体中间或也能单独用 that-结构表示结构表示“结果结果”。例。例如：如：He must have annoyed you very much that you spoke to him like that.I must

38、 be getting absent-minded that I forget to bring my ticket.（目的）（目的）（目的）（目的）（结果）（结果）So that 表示结果只能置于句末。表示结果只能置于句末。lThough,althoughAlthough 比比 though 正式，语气较重，但二者在意思上没正式，语气较重，但二者在意思上没有什么区别。例如：有什么区别。例如：He didnt light the fire though/although it was cold.虽然它们可以互换，但还是有若干区别的：虽然它们可以互换，但还是有若干区别的：I forget my

39、appointment even though my secretary reminded me.Though everyone desert you,I will not.He said he would come;he didnt though.Child though/as he was,he could swim in the deep river.Difficult though the task was,they managed to complete it in time.Difficult as was the task,（主语是名词不是代词，需倒（主语是名词不是代词，需倒装）

40、装）Though the pain was bad,still he didnt complain.Although I believe it,yet I must consider.不能用不能用but，但是可以用，但是可以用still或或yet这样的副词。这样的副词。lIfnot 与与 unlessUnless 肯定式动词肯定式动词 if 否定式动词。例如：否定式动词。例如：Unless Peter improves his work,hell fail in the exam.=If you dont put on your overcoat,youll catch a cold.=Unl

41、ess 的语气比的语气比 ifnot 强，而且较常用。强，而且较常用。Unless 可用于补充前面的话，这时不能用可用于补充前面的话，这时不能用 ifnot 替换。例替换。例如：如：Have a cup of tea unless you prefer a cold drink.I couldnt have got to the meeting on time unless I had caught an earlier train.I couldnt have got to the meeting on time if I hadnt caught an earlier train.If p

42、eter doesnt improve his work,hell fail in the exam.Unless you put on your overcoat,youll catch a cold.陈述语气陈述语气虚拟语气虚拟语气在虚拟的条件句中，应用在虚拟的条件句中，应用 if 引导，不用引导，不用 unless。例如：。例如：If you hadnt studied hard,you would have failed the exam.She would be better company if she didnt complain so much.补充：补充：if only 与与 only ifIf only they were here now,we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.Ill tell you,only if you dont tell anybody else.