哈贝马斯的普遍语用学

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1、哈贝马斯的普遍语用学廖美珍2007 年 10 月Main Ideasreconstruct1The task of universal pragmatics is to identify and universal conditions of possible mutual understanding2The validity basis of speecha. uttering something intelligibly,b. giving (the hearer) something to understand,c. making herself thereby understandab

2、le, andd. coming to an understanding with another personOra. choose an intelligible expressionb. communicate a true propositionc. express her intentions truthfullyd. correct with respect to prevailing norms and valuesOra. Comprehensibilityb. Truthc. Truthfulnessd. Rightness3. The aim of reaching und

3、erstanding is to bring about an agreement that terminates in the inter-subjective mutuality of reciprocal comprehension, shared knowledge, mutual trust, and accord with one another. Agreement is based on recognition of the four corresponding validity claims.4. Understandinga. in its narrow sense: tw

4、o subjects understand an expression in the same way;b. in its broad sense: an accord exists between two subjects concerning the rightness of an utterance in relation to a mutually recognized normative background. In addition, the participants in communication can reach understanding about something

5、in the world, and they can make their intentions understandable to one another.c. Reaching understanding is the process of bringing about an agreement on the presupposed basis of validity claims that are mutually recognized.5. The task of mutual interpretation, then, is to achieve a new definition o

6、f the situation that all participants can share.6 哈贝马斯：交往行为模式（1）韦伯的行为分类 由于哈贝马斯的交往行为模式基于对韦伯的社会行为理论 的批判，所以我们简单介绍韦伯的关于社会行为的分类。Typesofactionindescending orderofrationalitySubjective meaning covers these elementsMeansEndsValuesConsequencesPurposive- rational Value-rational Affectual Traditional+-+-+ - -

7、-2）哈贝马斯的语言交际模式（a）理论基础：奥斯丁的言语行为理论（特别是奥斯丁关于言语行 为的三分说中的“言外行为”和“以言取效行为”的区分）(b)言语行为的分类(哈贝马斯，1976 , What is universalpragmatics?)Social actionCommunicative actionStrategic actionAction oriented toward Consensual action Reaching understandingOpenly strategic action Latently strategic actionAction Discourse

8、ManipulationSystematicallydistorted communication在哈贝马斯看来，奥斯丁的言外行为属于交往行为 (communicative acts )，是其普遍语用学理论的核心；奥斯丁的以言 取效行为属于策略行为，不是他要研究的重点，也不是普遍语用学的 组成部分。、形式语用学特征 行为类型典型 的言 语行 为论辩 形式体现的 知识言能 语功行为 取向基木 立场有效 性要 求世界关联策略行为Teleological action以言 表意 行为 命令 式理论 话语技术性 和策略 上有用 的知识影响 对方以目 的为 取向客观 立场现实 性客观 世界会话行为Con

9、stative speech acts记述 式理论 话语经验- 理论知 识呈现 事态以沟 通为 取向客观 立场真实 性客观 世界规范行为Normative regulated action调节 式实用 话语道德- 实用知 识建立 人际 关系以沟 通为 取向规范 立场正确 性社会 世界戏剧行为表现 式治疗 和审 美话 语审美- 实用知 识自我 表现以沟 通为 取向表现 立场真诚 性主观 世界(c) 专门研究交往行为：以沟通，共识，理解为交际目的。(d) 语言交际模式Domains of realityModes of communication: Basic attitudesValidity

10、claimsGeneralfunctions of speech“The” world of external natureCognitive:ObjectivatingattitudeTruthRepresentation of facts“Our” world of societyInteractive:ConformativeattitudeRightnessEstablishment oflegitimate interpersonal relations“My” world of internal natureExpressive: Expressive attitudeTruthf

11、ulnessDisclosure of speaker s subjectivityLanguage -Comprehensibility -(e) 哈贝马斯论目的Habermas maintains that every communication act bears an intrinsic telos, which is oriented toward reaching mutual understanding. Communication is goal-oriented in the sense that every communicative engagement involves

12、 questioning, arguing and transcending presuppositions in order to transform opinions or situations judged true or untrue. Habermas s theory develops this aspect of communication while promoting the claim that communicative action is oriented toward understanding based on consensus among speaker.I s

13、hall speak of communicative action whenever the actions of the agents involved are coordinated not through egocentric calculations of success but through acts of reaching understanding. In communicative action participants are not primarily oriented to their own individual success; they pursue their individual goals under the condition that they can harmonize their plans of action on the basis of common situation definitions. (Habermas 1984, 285086)