2023职称英语理工类(A、B)阅读理解和完型填空新增文章(原文、练习、译文及答案)

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1、2023职称英语理工类A、B阅读理解和完型填空新增文章原文、练习、译文及答案阅读第三十四篇：病毒电池Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. Its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses,

2、 finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds。Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of

3、the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries。Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different

4、 areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques。Belchers team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet- Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy i

5、n the form of a battery. Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature, says Hammond。Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new elec

6、tronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside。The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely bu

7、ilt by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope。How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to

8、see how wide your hair is pretty thin, right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses。练习：1. According to the first paragra

9、ph, people try toA. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc。B. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible。C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases。D. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines。2. What is Belchers team

10、 doing at present?A. It is finding ways to get rid of viruses。B. It is mass-producing microbatteries。C. It is making batteries with viruses。D. It is analyzing virus genes。3. What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5?A. Broaden。B. Spread。C. Extend。D. Exp

11、and。4. Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A. It is made of metal。B. It is a kind of watch battery。C. It can only be seen with a microscope。D. It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it。5. How tiny is one battery part?A. Its width is one tenth of a hair。B. I

12、t equals the width of a hair。C. It is as thin as a piece of paper。D. Its width is too tiny to measure。译文：水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大局部人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。病毒和电池的伙伴似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉

13、贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和 等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。 ，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非

14、常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。阅读第三十八篇：野生大象寿命更长Longer Lives for Wild ElephantsMost people think of zoos as safe places for animals, where straggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators dont exist. Wit

15、hout such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age1.But that may not be true for2 the largest land animals on Earth. Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health. They develop diseases. joint problems and behavior changes. Sometimes, they even become infe

16、rtile, or unable to have babies。To learn more about how captivity affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands. Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care, d

17、ocumenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death. These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe. The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousa

18、nds of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps3, over approximately the same time period。The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years mo

19、re than three times as long. Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos, they lived 18.9 years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years。Scientists dont yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts. Georgia Mason, a biologist at

20、the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity may be to blame4. Zoo elephants dont get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild, and most are very fat. Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild. where they live in large herds and

21、 family groups。Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos. Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive。The study r

22、aises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations, that doesnt appear to be the case with elephants. Currently, zoos are net consumers of elephants ,not net producer

23、s. Mason says。练习：1. According to the first two paragraphs, unlike other zoo animals, zoo elephantsA. have difficulty eating food。B. live to a ripe old age。C. are not afraid of predators。D. develop health problems。2. Which of the following about the international scientists research on the life spans

24、 of elephants is NOT true? (See paragraph 3)？A. They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants。B. They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care。C. They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos。D. The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos。3. What do the

25、scientist find in their research?A. Female elephants live longer than male elephants。B. Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts。C. Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts。D. Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans。4. Wha

26、t are the possible causes of stress and obesity Zoo-raised elephants generally suffer from?A. They do not like living in herds。B. They do not get enough exercise。C. They do not live with their families。D. Both B and C。5. Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A. It may

27、not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo。B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species。C. Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully。D. Zoos should keep more animals except elephants。译文：人们通常认为动物园对于动物来说是平安的，因为他们没有猎食的困难，也不受其他肉食动物的威胁，所以动物园内的动物应该寿命较长。但世界上最大的陆地动物却并非如此。科学家已经发现大象面

28、临着很多健康问题，例如生病、关节问题和行为改变等，有时甚至会失去生育能力。为了了解禁闭生活对大象的影响，一队国际科学家将在动物园出的雌象与生活在自然环境中的雌象的寿命进行了比照。动物园保存了所饲养动物的详细记录，包括出生日期、疾病、体重的死亡等因素。有了这些记录，研究人员能够分析全欧洲800头非洲象和非洲象历时40年的数据。科学家将动物园出生的大象与同一时间段的几千头非洲野生雌象、在伐木场劳动的亚洲象进行了寿命比照。这些科学家发现，动物园出生的非洲雌象平均寿命是16.9年，而自然死亡的野生大象平均寿命是56年是动物园大象的3倍多。亚洲雌象情况类似：动物园雌象寿命是18.9年，而伐木场雌象的寿命

29、是41.7年。科学家尚不清楚野生大象比动物园大象获得更好的原因。负责这一研究的加拿大圭尔夫大学生物学家乔治亚梅森认为，压力和肥胖是问题的根源。动物园大象不像野生大象那样活动，因此非常肥胖。动物园大象的社会生活也很不同，不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活。该研究的另一发现说明，在动物园出生的亚洲象比野外捕获后放入动物园的亚洲像死的要早。梅森认为动物园母象的压力可能导致小象成活率低。对动物园大象的研究向人们提出了一个问题：是否应该将跟多的大象关进动物园。尽管有些濒危物种在动物园能够很好地繁衍生息、健康成长，大象却并非如此。梅森说，“动物园现在不是大象的纯粹生产者，二十纯粹消费者。阅读第四十五篇：咸度味

30、感因人而异Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we

31、 like to eat。Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who

32、was lead investigator? on the study。Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are Working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understa

33、nding of salt preference and consumption。The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks5. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample

34、was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind。Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some ind

35、ividuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. Supertasters, people who experience tastes more mtensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary

36、flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented, mi

37、lk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt, he said. A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6.Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals diff

38、er in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color。Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, cal

39、led nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weary bitter, he said. Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)练习：1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out

40、thatA. it is good to health to eat food without salt。B. many people reject low-salt food completely。C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantlyD. food with reduced salt tastes better。2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research。B. ho

41、w to identify supertasters and nontasters。C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons。D. why to select more male subjects than female ones。3. The article argues that supertastersA. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food。B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary fl

42、avor。C. consume less salt because they dont like intensive tastes。D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters。4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?A. They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness。B. They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter tast

43、e。C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter。D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health。5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined。B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth。C. Taste acuity is related to ones eye and

44、 hair color。D. Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science。译文：宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究说明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。该研究包括87名经

45、过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最轻微味感到“最强烈味感等级别。海斯说，“大局部人都喜欢盐的味道。但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和发酵

46、苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显了。海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究说明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反响只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。阅读第四十六篇：不可思议的超材料 Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks

47、1 would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, meta means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world like shuffle light waves around an object, and then bring them back togethe

48、r3. If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak, it will probably be made of metamaterials。We are creating materials that dont exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesnt exist in nature, says engineer Dentcho Genov. That is the most exciting thing. Geno

49、v designs and builds metamaterials such as those used in cloaking at LouisianaTechUniversity in Ruston, Louisiana4.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials. Other applications are just as exciting. In many labs, for example, sc

50、ientists are working on building a hyperlens. A lens is a device usually made of glass that can change the direction of light waves. Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light, thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far awa

51、y。A hyperlens, however, would be made of metamaterials. And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials cant, the hyperlens would be a powerful tool. A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable as small as the wavelength of visible ligh

52、t。Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven bY the imagination: If someone can think of an idea for a new behavior for light, then the engineers can find a way to design a device using rnetamaterials. We need people who can imagine, he says。Since 2006, many laboratories have been

53、exploring other kinds of metamaterials that dont involve just visible light. In fact, scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respdnd to metamaterials。At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5, Jos Snchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound. Just as an

54、 invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light, an acoustic cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way thats not found in nature. In an orchestra hall, for example, an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audien

55、ce, without distortion。Snchez-Dehesa, an engineer, recently showed that its possible to build such an acoustic cloak, though he doubts well see one any time soon. In principle, it is possible, he says, but it might be impossible to make one, he adds。Other scientists are looking into ways to use larg

56、er metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs6 as protection from tsunamis. A tsunami is a giant, destructive wave. The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island, and the wave would resume its journey on the other side without causing any harm。练习：1. What is true for m

57、etamaterials?A. They will always remain in science fiction。B. They are already a reality。C. They are nonexistent in nature。D. Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks。2. A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensA. as it can allow scientists to see small things。B. as i

58、t can help photographers to capture images far away。C. even if it is made of ordinary materials。D. as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light。3. Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventA. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light。B. an in

59、visible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound。C. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound。D. a cloak that is made of materials found in nature。4. According to Snchez-Dehesa,A. it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon。B. it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory b

60、ut far from reality。C. it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak。D. it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak。5. What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph。)A. Surround them with metamaterials as prot

61、ective shields。.B. Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them。C. Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis。D. Using the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami。译文：如果尚未开发超材料的话，隐形衣可能永远不可能，只能在科幻小说中看到。在希腊语中，“meta的意思是“超越，超材料能完成我们在自然界无

62、法看到的事，例如将转移某物体周围的光波，然后将光波全部收回。如果科学家能够做出完全成熟的隐身衣，那很可能是有超材料制成的。工程师Dentcho Genov说，“我们创造的是大自然不存在的材料，这些材料的物理现象在自然中也不存在。这最令人冲动。 Genov在位于拉斯顿市的路易斯安那理工大学设计和制作超材料，例如能运用到隐身衣中的超材料。隐身衣可能不是超材料领域的第一个重要成果，其他应用也同样令人振奋。例如，很多实验室的科学家正致力于建造超透镜。透镜通常由玻璃制成，能够改变光波的方向。显微镜和照相机中的透镜能够聚光，因此研究人员能够看到微小的物体，摄影师能够捕捉远处的影像。而超透镜是由超材料构成。

63、由于超材料能够完成普通材料无法做到的事情，超透镜会成为强大的工具。研究人员能够利用超透镜看到想象当中最微小的事物例如和可见光的波长一样小的事物。Genov指出，超材料科学是由想象力推动的：如果能够想到光的新行为，工程师就有方法来设计使用超材料的设备。他说，“我们需要想象力丰富的人。从2006年起，许多实验室开始探索不仅仅利用可见光的其他超材料。事实上，科学家发现几乎所有种类的波都对超材料有反响。西班牙瓦伦西亚理工大学的Jose Sanchez-Dehesa在研究声学。和隐形衣移动光波的原理类似，“隐声衣会以自然界不存在的方式来移动声波。例如，“隐声衣会改变音乐厅内声波的方向这样，坐在柱子后面的人和其他观众收听音乐会的效果一样，不会受到任何干扰。最近，工程师Sanchez-Dehesa表示有可能制成“隐声衣，但他疑心能否很快实现。他说，“这在理论上是可能的。但他补充说，实际上可能无法制成。其他科学家正在研究用更大的超材料为岛屿和石油钻塔进行防护的方法，以使它们免受海啸的侵害。海啸是强大的破坏性波浪，超材料可以让钻塔和岛屿周围的海啸改变方向，波浪会沿着相反方向继续前进，不会造成任何破坏。答案：阅读理解理工类第二篇1.B 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.B第六篇1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C第三十四篇1.C 2.C