职称英语时态缩略初级篇

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1、一、“一般现在时”用法1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbus proved that the ea

2、rth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。5) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must

3、, dare 时态是不变的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我没必要告诉你真相。二、“一般过去时”用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Brown

4、s went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you c

5、ame tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达

6、比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1） 动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？三、used

7、to / be used to 用法used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：He is used to a vegetarian diet.他以前是个素食主义者。 Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题- Your phone

8、 number again? I didnt quite catch it.- Its 69568442. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。四、“一般将来时”用法1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，

9、即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about

10、to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5）be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we w

11、ill fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.五、 be to和be going to 用法be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）六、“一般现在时表将来”用法1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin

12、, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：

13、When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把

14、窗户关了。七、“用现在进行时表示将来”用法1) come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。例如：He is dying. 他快要死了

15、。 八、“现在完成时”用法 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。九、比较“一般过去时与现在完成时” 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时

16、的时间状语：for, since, so far , ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词瞬时动词有come, go, leave, start, d

17、ie, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for thre

18、e years. （是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 十、用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the

19、 city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题（1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I

20、have been here. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.十一、比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I h

21、ave lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three y

22、ears ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，2）应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.十二、since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last mon

23、th, half past six）。例如：I have been here since 1989. 从1989起，我一直在这儿。2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3） since +从句。例如：Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。

24、例如：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。十三、延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2） 用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才。例如： He didnt come back unti

25、l ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。 典型例题-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。十四、“过去完成时”用法1）概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时现在 2）用法：a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said （that）she had

26、 never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3）过去完成时

27、的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了

28、，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过

29、去进行时。注意：had 注意：had hardly when还没等 就。例如：I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no soonerthan刚 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。十五、用一般过去时代替过去完成时1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。M

30、y aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：When I heard the news, I was very excited. 当时听到这个消息，我非常开心。3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.十六、“将来完成时”用法1）构成will have done2）概念a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时

31、为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时间或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 注意 在做肯定回答时不能用缩写式。如：Yes, Im（这是错的）。eg. Are you a student? Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 你是一名学生吗？是的，我是。/不，我不是。注意 特殊疑

32、问词一般有：What 什么，Who 谁，Which 哪个，Where 哪里，When 何时，Why 为什么，How 怎么样一般现在时：考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unles

33、s, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder

34、you study, the better results you will get.现在进行时：表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when yo

35、u are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.现在完成时：表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived

36、in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days等。 例如： Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during t

37、he last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等。考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. 这是我第一次来（或者：访问）中国。This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影

38、。That is the only book that he has written. 这是他写的唯一一本书。一般过去时：表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to + doing，

39、表示习惯于He used to smoke a lot. 过去他经常抽烟。He has got used to getting up early. 他已经习惯了早起。考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 他答应我说如果升职的话就给我买一台电脑。过去进行时：表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisu

40、rely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点的时候你在做什么？The radio was being repaired when you called me. 你打电话给我的时候正在修理收音机。过去完成时：表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 park

41、s in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book. 到上学期末，我们完成了那本书。They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们完成的比我们预期的要早。考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. 他来看我的时候我刚好完成工作。I had no sooner

42、 got into the room than it began to snow. 我刚进房间就开始下雪了。No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）我刚回到家电话铃就响了。考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 这是她第二次来看她的祖父。It was 3 years since we had parted。我们分开已经三年了。考点三：动词hope, expect, thi

43、nk, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job. 原本希望我可以做那份工作。I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 我本打算去看你的，但我太忙了。一般将来时：表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2012等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。London will host the 30th Olympic Games in 2012. 伦敦将

44、在2012年举行第30届奥林匹克运动会。考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天去北京。考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head

45、 and you will find a way. 动动脑你就会找到方法的。考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May. 他们将在今年五月份结婚。将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time

46、tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 总统将在机场会见外国代表团。将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will h

47、ave traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。the moment (that) 一.就The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 动词的语态一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语

48、动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 它发生在解放前。考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副

49、词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。考点三：一些常用经典被动句型： It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expecte

50、d, It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed, It was thought My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间

51、动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers. 我有两个哥哥。This house belongs to my sister. 这座房子是我妹妹的。2) 心理状态的动词：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need,

52、 forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help. 我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much. 他非常爱她。3 ) 瞬间动：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice. 我接收你的建议。4) 系动词：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.

53、 你看起来有点疲倦了。十七、“一般现在时代替过去时”用法1 )书上说，报纸上说等。 The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。2) 叙述往事，使其生动。 Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.十八、“一般现在时代替完成时”用法1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,remember.I hear (= hav

54、e heard) he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.2) 句型 It is since代替It has been since 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.现在进行时代替将来时十八、“系动词”用法系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：He

55、 fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a

56、 mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn,

57、fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）十九、“助动词”用法1）协助主要动

58、词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。 He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学

59、生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would4）助动词be的用法 be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如： They are having a mee

60、ting.他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如： The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。 be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如： He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons.我们要教新生。说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令，例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见，例如：How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？Who is to go ther