非谓语动词用法归纳.docx

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1、非谓语动词用法归纳非谓语动词用法归纳2012年高考对非谓语动词的考查将主要集中在如下两方面：1、非谓语动词的句法功能，即其在句中所充当的成分；2、非谓语动词的一些特殊用法。动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。基本用法1）、不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be dong无2）、动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having doneha

2、ving been done3）、分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词注：1.动词不定式的一般式:所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行；动词不定式进行式：所表示的动作正在进行；动词不定式完成式：所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。2.动词ing的一般式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境；动词ing的完成式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。he came hereto borrow a book

3、.i pretendedto be readingwhen mother came in.she is saidto have been sentto europe on businessbeinga student, he was interested in books.having donehis homework, he went to bed.the questionbeing discussedis important.非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表：非谓语动词功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词极少分词1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主

4、语表示具体动作。smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)it is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。it t

5、ook me only five minutes to finish the job.动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。it is / was no use / good + doing sth.it is / was not any use / good + doing sth.it is / was of little use / good + doing sth.it is / was useless doing sth.it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。it is of little good stayi

6、ng up too late every day.每天都熬夜没有什么好处2不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝, 设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择

7、。hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decidepretend ; choose想要拒绝命令，需要努力学习,期望同意帮助，希望决定开始。want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿ann

8、ounce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 requi

9、re要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, i

10、magine, keep, mind, miss, practise, suggest, stop, cant stand, cant help, be worth常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成停能赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒险凭想象。consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to ,excuse ,pardon /admit, delay / put off , fancyavoid , miss ,keep /keep on , practise /deny , finish , stop ,e

11、njoy / appreciate /cant help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape/forbid , risk , imagine例如：i appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语： hate, love , prefer , remember , forget, regret , like ,try , st

12、op , begin , start既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。begin , start ,like ,prefer , hate ,dislike ,continue .不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。remember , forget , try , mean , stop , reget ,want , need , require1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop d

13、oing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ pre

14、fer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：i should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve, require +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。3不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。to do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。what i would sug

15、gest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。to see is to believe.百闻不如一见。to work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。his wish is to buy a luxurious car in

16、the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。the most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。his hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。his vict

17、ory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is inter

18、ested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surpr

19、ising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。the argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。they were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系he was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。th

20、e train to arrive was from london将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。she has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。i need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。there is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、

21、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望

22、，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot等习惯上用不定式做定语。john will do anything but work on a farm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curiou

23、s to do = curiosity to dohis wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。their decision to give up the experiment surprised us他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。he is always the first to come and the last to leave他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1. 现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行；2. 过去分词一般表示被动含意，状态或做完(完成)的事。he rushed into the burn

24、ing house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。the child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。the room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?he is an advanced teacher他是个先进教师。3）-ing作定语动名词多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性可换为for+doing）he has a reading room. a sleeping car（a car for sl

25、eeping）现在分词表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句;the girlgathering flowersis beautiful.the questionbeing discussed nowis important.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。we can see a lot offallenleaves on the ground.(we can see a lot of leaveswhich have fallenon the ground. )4）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：作定语的不

26、及物动词分词形式为：v ing和过去分词。v ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语

27、动词所表示的动作之后；do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。have you read the novel written by dickens ?5作宾补时,三者的区别1.有些动词接不

28、定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作）tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn/ encourage/ get/ ask +sb to dohe asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told meto clean the blackboard.feel(一感); hear listen to(二听);have make let(三使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看) +sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,

29、但被动以后要还原to.i heard him call me several times. i heard her sing the song many times. tom was made to sing.2.有些动词接ing作宾补：feel(一感); hear listen to(二听);have get leavekeep (四使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看)+sb doing(强调动作主动，正在进行，或尚未完成；延续性动词)i found her listening to the radio. i heard her sing

30、ing the song when i passed her room.3.有些动词接过去分词作宾补：feel(一感); hear listen to(二听); make let get have leave keep (六使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看)+sb done （表动作被动完成，多强调状态）speak louder so that you can make yourselfheard. we found the village greatly changed.i heard the songsungin english ma

31、ny times.(3)不带to的不定式下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。he was caught stealing. im sorry

32、to have kept you waiting for such a long time.(注)： 上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to，如：he was seen to comethe boy was made to go to bed early.在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:he was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。3)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构

33、中。例如：last night i did nothing but watch tv昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。the doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。there was nothing for them to do but to remain silent除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。6不定式和分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

34、现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。分词作状语 1分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。2分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。he went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手

35、关上。not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴

36、随，而不定式常常表示目的。they stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)they stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)reading carefully，he f

37、ound something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)reading carefully，youll learn something new只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)his family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)we are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：a：not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to

38、, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。7非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：when to start has not been decided何时动身尚

39、未决定。(主语)i dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)the difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语)i can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）a.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：i have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。b.动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：(2)介词except和but作“只有，只能”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to

40、的不定式连用）。when the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.（4）不定式-动名词-的逻辑主语1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+不定式（作状语）。例如：i found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, ca

41、reless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等it is very kind of you to help me你帮助我太好了it was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的。2)动名词的逻辑主语为；人称代词的所有格+动名词（作主语）；名词s+动名词（作主语）。例如：hisarrivin

42、gadded to our difficulties. my brothers telling lies made me very angry.8独立主格结构独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。(主从句主语不一致，从句可变为非谓语，带有自己的逻辑主语)。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相

43、应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：the girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2.名词/主格代词+

44、过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：the problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。her glasses broken (= because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3.名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：he i

45、s going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。they said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4.名词/主格代词+形容词。如：an air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。so many people absent, the meeting had

46、 to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5.名词/主格代词+副词。如：he put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。the meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6.名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：the boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7. the

47、re being +名词（代词）如：there being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。there being no further business, i declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。8. it being +名词（代词）如：it being christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。it being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今

48、天是假日，所有商店都关门了。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。9 with复合结构的构成with+宾语+宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或是代词，宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词。with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。1）with+宾语+介词短语he was asleep with his head on h

49、is arms.2）with+宾语+过去分词（宾语与宾补之间是被动关系）all the afternoon he worked with the door locked.3）with+宾语+现在分词（宾语与宾补之间是主动关系）with winter coming on，its time to buy warm clothes.4）with+宾语+to do（不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义）i cant go out with all these dishes to wash.5）with+宾语+形容词/副词anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.