新视野大学英语读写教程2第四册原文与翻译-unit6-10

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1、UnitlaStudents taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule.They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.Suppose

2、 that during a negotiation with some government officials, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid procedural delays*1, as he puts it.Now, the questio

3、n is: Do you pay up or stand by your principles?It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation?Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as payi

4、ng agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn.Nevertheless, at that time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were pr

5、epared to say in private: *Look, we*re in a very competitive business.Every year were selling more than a 1 billion worth of cars abroad.If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, whos hurt?If we didnt do it, someone else would.It is difficult to resist the impression that br

6、ibery and other questionable payments are on the increase.lndeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life.To take just one example, the Chrysler Corporation, the third largest of the US car manufacturers, revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 a

7、nd 1976.By announcing this, it joined more than 300 other US companies that had admitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made payments of one kind or anotherbribes, extra discounts, etc.in recent years.For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad

8、categories.The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts.For example, one US corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a US presidential candidate at a time when the company was under investigation for possible violations of

9、 US business laws.This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret US efforts to throw out the government of Chile.In this category, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petroleum or construction cont

10、racts.In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that 1 million had been paid by a British company to a negotiator who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country.Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign com

11、panies to make donations to party bank accounts.The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of government.An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who had been trying for some m

12、onths to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country.Finally, he hit upon the answer.Discovering that the minister collected rare books, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the ministe匚This man examined its contents, then

13、 said, I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work.The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied, My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with a preface!A short time later, the deal was approved.The third category involves payments made in cou

14、ntries where it is traditional to pay people to help with the passage of a business deal.Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Asian countries.Is it possible to devise a code of rules for companies that would prohibit bribery in all its forms?The International

15、 Chamber of Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes.This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes.A council has been proposed to manage the code.Unfortunately, opinions d

16、iffer among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code.The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies behave themselves.However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law. The job of a business community lik

17、e the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything.In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that industry is caught in a web of bribery and that everyone is on the take.This is probably an exaggeration.However, todays businessman, selling in overseas markets,

18、will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience.商科学生有时对课程里包含商、道徳课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多国家,形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家,这一成为人 们几百年来的种生活方式。假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中，贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂，那么你的商 品拿到进许可证就会容易得多,还可能避免他所说的“程序上的延误”。现在的问题是:你是被迫掏钱呢，还是坚持原则?高尚的道徳标准说起来容易,但实际上

19、人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢?早些时候，一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用笔基金行贿，并进行其他些可疑运作，如给 代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。这家汽车公司否认了这些指控，后来指控也被撤销了。然而,当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说:“瞧,我们这一行竞争激烈，每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴，谁会有损失呢?我们不这样干，别人也会这样干的。”很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。的确，这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。仅举一例：美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露，它在197I至1976年间共发生 了

20、250万美元的可疑开支。这事实的披露,使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样,向美国证券交易委员会承认自 己近年曾有过某种形式的支出，像贿赂、额外打折等。为方便讨论起见,我们可将这些支出分为三大类。第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。比如，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调査，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持 位总统候选人。后来发现，这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的 顾问所付出的大笔款项。在桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中,一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某洽谈人 100 万英镑。此

21、人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。据闻其他国家也是如此,向外国公司施压,要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。关于这一点有个有趣的例子:有个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地区个国家的建 部长推销道路工程机械。后来，他想到了办法。了解到建工部长收藏珍本书，他买了一本书的珍藏版，在书里夹了两万美元,将其送给部长。 部长看了书的内容后说：“我知道这书有两卷本的。”机敏的销售经理答道：“先生，我们公司买不起两卷本，不过可以给你弄一本带前言的!”不久,这笔生意获准了。第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。中东

22、的些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。是否有可能制订套公司法规,防止各种类型的贿赂呢?国际商会（ICC）赞成用一套行为准则来制止行贿索贿。这准则试图区分哪些是真正为服务所付的佣金,哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。可惜的是，国际商会委员们就如何实行这法规的意见不。英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司规范行事。而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。像国际商会这样的商业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错，而非强制实行什么。在一家知名英国报纸上，最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网”，人人都“贪赃枉法”。这说法可能有些夸张。然而，如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既

23、确保自己的商业利益，又无愧于道德良心。Unit5 bEvery summer about a dozen journalists gather at a former army training camp north of London to spend the day watching the training of Londons special armed police unit.These are the people who regularly have to tackle the increasing number of criminals who are prepared to

24、carry guns.The journalists also get a chance to shoot a gun on the practice rangenone of it seems that difficult, and we put most of the bullets somewhere on the target.But then we move on to the next stage of the training, where some of the problems, which actually crop up on the street are imitate

25、d.The lights on the range are dimmed and we are stood in front of a large screen.We still have guns, but the bullets are fake, and videos are played where actors act out various types of situations.Does the man holding a woman in front of him really have a gun or not?Is the man apparently preparing

26、to surrender really going to, or is he going to raise the gun in front of him and shoot?We have to decide whether to shoot and when, just like the police officer has to when faced with this situation for real.The journalists results here were not so impressive.I am afraid we killed many an innocent

27、person carrying nothing more lethal than a stick.The debate over whether more police in Britain should be armed with guns has been going on for years.The current policy is to have a small number of specialists available in each of the 43 police departments in Britain. They are kept up to scratch wit

28、h intensive and regular training.But the wisdom of that policy has been questioned as the amount of violence encountered by the police has grown.It is usually the ordinary street officer who is on the wrong end of this, rather than the armed experts who arrive rather later.To see the direction in wh

29、ich the British police are heading, consider the experience of the Northumbria police who have responsibility for law and order in 5,000 square kilometers of Northeast England.The population is 1.5 million, living in rural areas and a few urban centers.The 3,600 police officers in the force deal wit

30、h all the typical problems thrown up by the Britain of the 1990s.John Stevens, head of the Northumbria Police Department, has just published his review of the past years.During 1994, for example, 61 officers (54 men and 7 women) were forced into early retirement after being attacked on duty.Before b

31、eing allowed to leave the police for medical reasons, they lost between them 12,000 days on sick leave: the equivalent of 50 police officers off the street for a full year.Stevens makes this observation: The personal cost of policing has never been so high.One-third of the officers leaving were disa

32、bled in the very worst degree and will suffer for the rest of their lives for their efforts in the fight against crime.This picture of a policemans lot could be repeated in many other parts of Britain, yet the police themselves still oppose more widespread arming of their officers.The most recent su

33、rvey, conducted last year, showed that only 46% were in favor.The general public, however, likes the idea: 67% favored wider issuing of guns.But they, of course, would not have to carry them and maybe even use them.Recalling my own experience shooting a gun on the practice range, I certainly would n

34、ot want the responsibility.It is clear to everyone that the police need more protection against the gun and the knife.They already carry longer clubs to replace the old ones.They have access to knife-resistant coats and gloves.The likely next step is agreement from the government to test pepper spra

35、y, an organic substance derived from peppers that disables an attacker if sprayed in his face.If used properly, the discomfort, although extreme, is only temporary.Provided the spray is washed away with water, recovery should be complete within a couple of hours.Unpleasant, certainly, but better tha

36、n being shot.Many people in Britain would not mind seeing their police with longer clubs or even pepper spray. They would just like to see them.I have lost count of the times we have been filming police officers on the street when local residents have come up to us and told us it is the first time i

37、n weeks they have seen police in the area.Actually the biggest threat to the traditional image and role of police officers does not come from guns and armed crime but the increase in the tasks we expect the police to carry out.New laws and police priorities are taking up so much time that many force

38、s simply cannot afford to let their officers walk up and down the streets.Politicians are now asking members of the public to watch the streets.In some prosperous areas, local people pay private security firms.Many officers believe it is all these extra duties, rather than the fear of being shot, th

39、at have really changed their role.In future, if you want to know what time it is there might not be much point asking a policeman. He either will not be there to ask or will not have the time to answer.每年夏天,总有大约十几名记者聚集在伦敦北部的个旧军训营,用一整天的时间来观看伦 敦特警部队的训练。特警通常要对付日益增多的携带枪支的犯罪分子。记者们也有机会在练习场射击。射击似乎并不难,我们的子弹

40、儿乎都打到靶上了。然后我们进入训练的下步:模拟在街道上实际会出现的些问题。场上的灯光暗了下去,我们面对块大屏幕站着, 手中仍有枪,但子弹是假的。屏幕上演员们在扮演着各种场面。那个抓着一名妇女挡在身前的人真拿着枪吗?那个看似要投降的人是否真会投降，还是会举枪射击?我们必须判断是否该开枪，该何时开枪,就像警察真实地面对此情此景时必须做出判断样。 记者们在这阶段的表现不太出色。恐怕我们打死了不少无辜的人,他们手中最致命的东西只不过是根棍子而已。多年来,对于是否该给更多的英国警员配枪，人们一直争论不休。目前的做法是给英国所有的43个警局都配备少数特警,他们定期接受强化训练来保持达标。但是随着警察遭遇的

41、暴力事件逐渐增多,人们对这做法是否明智提出了疑问。 通常,遭殃的是在街上巡逻的普通警察，而不是姗姗来迟的武装特警。为了了解英国警方面临的局面,可以看一下诺森布里亚郡警局的情况。该局负责英格兰东北 部5,000平方公里区域内的治安。所辖的乡村和几个城区内居住着万人口。那里的3,600名警察要应付英国20世纪90年代常见的各类事件。该警局负责人约翰史蒂文斯最近发表了他对过去几年工作的述评。例如,1994年,共有61名警员（男性54人,女性7人）由于履行职责时遭受攻击而不得 不提早退休。在因健康原因获准退休前，他们共请病假12,000天，相当于50名警员休假一年。史蒂文斯这样评论道:“警务的人力成本

42、从未如此之高，离职的警员中严重伤残的达三分之一,他们因打击犯罪而将在余生中承受痛苦。”警察的这种遭遇也发生在英国其他地方。不过警局本身仍反对扩大为警员配备武器的范围。 去年进行的最新调查表明，赞成者只占46%。但是普通老百姓赞成这做法，他们中的67%赞成扩大配发枪支的范围。但他们自己当然不想带枪，更不会想用枪。回想一下我自己在练习场射击的经历，我肯定也不想负这个责任。人人都清楚警察需要更多的保护，以防刀枪。他们现在所携的警棍较以前的要长，也有了防利器的上衣和手套。下步可能的做法是政府同意试验胡椒喷雾剂,种从胡椒中提取的有机物质。如果喷在脸 ,它能使袭击者丧失行动能力。运用得当的话,所产生的不适

43、就只是暂时的,尽管很强烈。只要用水冲洗，几个小时内应可彻底恢复。这当然是难受的，但比挨子弹要好。很多英国人不反对警察携带加长的警棍或胡椒喷雾剂。他们只是想见到警察。不知多少次,当我们在街上拍摄警察镜头时，总有当地居民过来告诉我们，这是几周以来他 们在此地第一次看到警察。实际上，对传统警察形象和职责构成最大城胁的并不是枪支和武装犯罪，而是我们要求警察 做的日益增多的工作。新的法令和重点警务工作占去了大量时间，结果使得很多警队派不出警员上街巡逻。官员们要求民众留意街区治安。在些繁华地区，居民们雇请私人保安公司。很多警员认为正是这些额外工作改变了他们的职责,而非担心被枪击。今后，如果你想知道时间，去

44、问警察恐怕会没有用。要么你连见都见不到他，要么他没有时间回答。Unit7 aWhile not exactly a top-selling book, The History and Geography of Human Genes is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics.It stands as the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes.The b

45、ooks firm conclusion: Once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the races are remarkably alike under the skin.The variation among individuals is much greater than the differences among groups. In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories advocating the g

46、enetic superiority of any one population over another.The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory.The prime mover behind the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the fir

47、st genetic map of the world.The book features more than 500 maps that show areas of genetic similarity一much as places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps.By measuring how closely current populations are related, the writers trace the routes by which early humans migrated arou

48、nd the earth. Result: the closest thing we have to a global family tree.The information needed to draw that tree is found in human blood: various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a persons genetic makeup.Using data collected by scientists over decades, the writers assembled profiles of hundr

49、eds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups.And to ensure the populations were pure, the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe beganin effect, a genetic photo of the world when Columbus sailed for Ameri

50、ca.Collecting blood, particularly from ancient populations in remote areas, was not always easy. Potential donors were often afraid to cooperate, or had religious concerns.On one occasion, when Cavalli-Sforza was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa, he was confronted by an

51、 angry farmer waving an axe.Recalls the scientist: I remember him saying,*If you take the blood of the children, Ill take yours. He was worried that we might want to do some magic with the blood.Despite the difficulties, the scientists made some remarkable discoveries.One of them jumps right off the

52、 books cover: A color map of the worlds genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other.Because Australias native people and black Africans share such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related.But their ge

53、nes tell a different story.Of all humans, Australians are most distant from the Africans and most closely resemble their neighbors, the southeast Asians.What the eye sees as racial differencesbetween Europeans and Africans, for exampleare mainly a way to adapt to climate as humans move from one cont

54、inent to another.The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original human movements.Those findings, plus the great genetic distance between present-day Africans and non-Africans, indicate that the spl

55、it from the African branch is the oldest on the human family tree.The genetic maps also shed new light on the origins of populations that have long puzzled scientists.Example: the Khoisan people of southern Africa.Many scientists consider the Khoisan a distinct race of very ancient origin.The unique

56、 character of the clicking sounds in their language has persuaded some researchers that the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors.But their genes beg to differ.They show that the Khoisan may be a very ancient mix of west Asians and black Africans.A genetic tra

57、il visible on the maps shows that the breeding ground for this mixed population probably lies in Ethiopia or the Middle East.The most distinctive members of the European branch of the human tree are the Basques of France and Spain.They show unusual patterns for several genes, including the highest r

58、ate of a rare blood type. Their language is of unknown origin and cannot be placed within any standard classification. And the fact that they live in a region next to famous caves which contain vivid paintings from Europes early humans, leads Cavalli-Sforza to the following conclusion: The Basques a

59、re extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the Cro-Magnon people, among the first modem humans in Europe.All Europeans are thought to be a mixed population, with 65% Asian and 35% African genes.In addition to telling us about our origins, genetic information is also the latest raw materi

60、al of the medical industry, which hopes to use human DNA to build specialized proteins that may have some value as disease-fighting drugs.Activists for native populations fear that the scientists could exploit these peoples: Genetic material taken from blood samples could be used for commercial purp

61、oses without adequate payment made to the groups that provide the DNA.Cavalli-Sforza stresses that his mission is not just scientific but social as well.The studys ultimate aim, he says, is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudice.It is a goal that he hopes will be welcomed

62、 among native peoples who have long struggled for the same end.人类基因的历史与地理分布尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书,却是一本汇集了 50多年人 类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查,得出了明确的结论:如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因,不同的种族”在外表 之下相似地令人吃惊。个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上,那种认为某种群比另一种群的基因更 优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。这项目的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡卡瓦里一斯福尔扎，

63、与同事一起经过16年的 努力，绘制了这世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。此书的一大特点是提供了 500多幅图，显示了相同的遗传基因所处的区域，这很像其他地图 上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系，作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研 究结果相当于一份全球家谱。他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息:不同的蛋白质就是显示个人的基因构 成的标志。作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据，汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数 据图。为了确保种群的“纯正”,这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起,即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之 前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体

64、。这实际上就是幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口 基因分布图。收集血样，特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样,并非总是易事。潜在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的担心。有一次在非洲农村,正当卡瓦里斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时，个愤怒的村民手执斧头 出现在他面前。这位科学家回忆道:“我记得他说，如果你从孩子们身上抽血,我就要放你的血。那个人 是担心我们可能用这些血来施魔法。”尽管有困难，科学家们还是取得了一些引人注目的发现。其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上：人类基因变异彩图表明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围 的两端。因为澳洲上著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以被普遍认为有 密切的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。在所有人种中，澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远,而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从个大陆