中级口译英译汉真题集.doc

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1、2000.3Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and

2、throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their coop

3、eration.It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the long run, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information

4、 are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, short-sighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications system with objective information.信息和交流对现代社会和机构是非常重要的。了解工作环境的一个方法是把一个机构看作一个交流系统。如果一个机构有着公开的交流渠道，内部上下沟通，信息真实可靠，那么它就是颇有工作效能的，在这里工作比在一个企图限制信息交流或进行歪曲和欺骗的机构中工作要好得多。领导如果

5、什么事情都不对员工讲，员工就会对领导不信任。这就破坏了他们的合作。懂得公开真诚的交流和可靠信息的价值和重要性是不难的。然而，只有极少数的机构可以做到这点。从长远来看，交流不好，会破坏整个机构。限制沟通和曲解信息是短期行为的思路。我们必须避免这些愚昧、短视的陷阱，不断地努力营造一个以客观信息为基础的沟通体系。2000.9Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high si

6、nce language is the most effective means for a child to obtain what he or she wants. If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue

7、 feature is very likely to persist. But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so do cultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in peoples heads. But th

8、is is equally true of cultural traits, which indicate clearly a persons value system when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.儿童学习语言和文化，无须专门编制的教学计划，但他们的学习积极性很高，因为他们获得想要的东西，语言及是最有

9、效的手段。如果一个人十来岁开始学习一门新的语言，日后他就有可能轻松自如地说这门语言。但如果到十六、七岁才学，那么他说话时多半会夹杂一些母语的痕迹。不仅语言学习呈现这种模式，文化特征，如握手、接吻和拥抱，也同样如此。尽管许多人认为语言存在于词典和语法中，然而事实上语言仅存在于人们的头脑里。文化特征亦然。在没有时间考虑何取何舍而必须作出关键性决定时，如跳入泛滥的河水去救一个溺水的孩子，文化特征会清楚地表现出一个人的价值体系。20013 Twenty years ago, Motorola looked upon the Japanese withsomething close to fear. T

10、he Chicago companys television-manufacturing division had been large and profitable in the 1960s. By the early1970s, however, highcosts and a risingtideof inexpensiveJapaneseTVs were taking a heavy toll. “The Japanese were very aggressive”, recalls Motorolaspokesman Mario Salvadori. “Theywantedtoget

11、market share.” Withcutthroatpricing,theydid eventually running nearly every U.S. electronic company out of the TV business. Motorola sold its Quasar TV unit toa Japanesecompany in 1974.Butwhileother U.S. companieswereflooredfor foreign competition, Motorola refocused its energies, It turned to wirel

12、ess communications an industry it had pioneered (with mobile radios and walkie-talkie) in the 1920s. It was a prescient move. 20 年前，摩托罗拉公司带着近乎害怕的心理看待日本企业。早在（20 世纪）60 年代， 这个公司芝加哥的电视制造分公司规模大、利润高。但在70年代初，高成本以及日本廉价电视机日趋上升的势头使其遭受重创。“日本人非常嚣张，”摩托罗拉公司发言人马里奥萨尔瓦多瑞追忆道, “他们想分享市场。”通过残酷无情的价格战，他们如愿以偿，并最终把几乎所有美国电子公

13、司赶出电视机行业。1974 年，摩托罗拉将其Quasar电视生产厂卖给了一家日本公司。但是，当其他美国公司在对外竞争中败北的时候，摩托罗拉公司重新调整了产业方向，转向无线通讯。这是一个它在20年代开拓的产业（另外还有移动收音机和步话机）。此举确有先见之明。 20019By themiddleofthiscentury, some two thirds of the worlds nations, with at leastfive billion people ,will enjoy astandard of living whichonly the advanced economies no

14、w have. Some three billion of these people will live in Asia. Collectively, the Asian countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together. The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia, and to the risingpower ofChina. The rest oftheworld

15、will bedividedbetweentheEuro-American countries, and the two big peripheral powers, Japan and Russia. Russia is a huge geographical country, with well educated people, and will eventually recover. In term of nations, it will be a world of much greater economic equality. Although there will still be

16、poor countries, most will be quite rich. Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich. 到本世纪中叶，世界上约三分之二的国家，至少50 亿人口将享受到目前只有经济发 达国家才拥有的生活水准，其中约30亿人生活在亚洲。亚洲国家的整体经济规模将超过世界上其他国家和地区加在一起的经济规模。 在新的千年经济重心将向亚洲转移，中国的力量将日益

17、壮大，世界其他地区将不得不对此做出反应。世界其他地区将分为欧美国家和两个外围大国，即日本与俄罗斯。俄罗斯是一个地域广阔的国家，人民受到良好教育，最终将东山起。 就国家而言，世界各国经济将更加势均力敌。尽管仍有穷国，但大多数国家将相当富有。在这些国家里，民众生活富足，但仍有相当数量的少数人处境艰难，一小部分人则腰缠万贯。 20023 Foundations are tax- free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofitorganizations for activities

18、that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the upkeepofexotic gardens and old mansions. They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based onmoney thatotherwise would go to thegovernment in

19、 taxes. Fromasmall beginningattheturnof thecentury,they havebecome a veryimportant factor inshaping developments in higher education and the arts. Thinktanks and university research institutesare nonprofitorganizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disc

20、iplines. In this way, they may devote theirtime to thestudyofpolicy alternatives free from the teachinganddepartmental duties that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community. Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a major source of the new ide

21、as that are discussed in the policy- formation groups. 基金会是无须纳税的机构，设立基金会是为个人和非赢利性组织从事从教育、研究和艺术到援助人、保护有异国情调的园林和古老宅第等活动提供资助。基金会为富人和大公司提供一个办法，可由他们实际决定怎样去花掉税款，因为基金会靠的是在不设立基金的情况下本应作为税收缴纳给政府的钱。本世纪（20 世纪）初，基金会发端时其数量不多，到现在已成为决定高等教育和艺术发展的一个非常重要的因素。 智囊团和大学研究所是非赢利性组织，成立这样的组织是为了给各个学科的专家提供舞台，使他们能摆脱教学和系里的工作，集中时间进

22、行政策抉择方面的研究，而对于学术界大部分成员来说，教学和系里的工作是他们日常工作的一部分。智囊团和大学研究所靠基金会的资助和政府合同获得资金，它们是在政策制订小组里讨论的新思想的主要发源地。20029 If the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) thinks it can largely curtail the nations terrorism problems by focusing on college students, we all should worry. Identification cards already are

23、 required here for most persons to enter their workplace, take anairplane flightorgointo apublicbuilding, includingmy campuslibrary. Theideaofa national ID, however, was knockedout ofearlierdraftsof legislation byacoalitionofcivil rights andethnicgroups,whoopposedarequirementthatallnon-citizenscarry

24、identifying documents. In some degree, they have a point. We must face the factand benefit from realizingthat no one can drive, or fly, or enter many private and public buildings without a picture ID, usually a drivers license or passport. That means that practically all Americans already must have

25、what in effect is a national ID card. We already routinelyscreen people. If we would just makegood use of the nationalID cards we haveand improve themwe could enhance our safety, avoid discrimination and not spend millions on another system. 如果移民归化局认为，它能够通过对大学生进行重点管理，大幅度地减少在美国的恐怖主义活动，我们大家都应 为此担心。 在美

26、国，现在大多数人进入工作场所、乘飞机或进入公共大楼，包括我所在大学的图书馆，已经需要出示身份证。然而，倡导民权的团体和少数民族团体反对一切非美国公民必须随身携带身份证的规定，他们结成联盟，推翻了立法的最初几稿中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。在某种程度上，他们是有道理的。 我们必须面对这一事实，并因认识到这一事实而获益，即每一个人驾车、乘飞机、或进入许多私人大楼或公共大楼，都必须出示有照片的身份证，通常是驾驶执照或护照。这意味着，实际上所有美国人早就必须持有事实上全国通用的身份证。 对人们进行甄别，在我们这儿早就是例行公事。只要好好使用大家已持有的全国通用身份证，并加以改进，就可以增强安全，避免

27、歧视，而不必在另一个系统花上数百万美元。 2004年3月For 8 years, students at Michigan State University borrowed tuition money directly from the federal government. But last spring, university officials shucked that arrangement and signed up with private lenders and a state agency that provided loans under a separate federa

28、l plan. They guaranteed a profit to the universitysomething the federal government could not do. Sounds sweet for Michigan State, but its not so terrific for federal taxpayers, who will almost certainly wind up shelling out $23.5 million more each year as a result of the change.Michigan State is not

29、 unique. Today, dozens of colleges and universities are abandoning the Department of Educations direct-loan plan, lured by the promise of a quick buck from banks, state lending agencies, and most significantly, Sallie Mae, the giant private lender based in Reston, Virginia. In all, 62 colleges and u

30、niversities have dropped out of the Education Departments direct-loan program since 2000, and the list is growing. Sallie Mae has won over $1 billion in loan business from former direct-loan schools. 8 年以来，密歇根大学所需的学费贷款一直来自联邦政府。但是去年春天，该大学决定停止办理这种贷款，而改为与一些私有贷款方和机构合作，由他们另行提供贷款。密歇根大学这样做，可以保证自己获益，而联邦政府却做

31、不到这一点。对于密歇根来说，这当然是件好事。可是联邦纳税人可没这么幸运了。他们不得不因此每年多支付2350 万美元。实际上，密歇根并非唯一实施这种贷款政策的州。现在，几十所大学放弃了与教育部的直接贷款计划。之所以这样做，是因为他们看中了银行、州立贷款机构以及美国学生贷款市场营销学会（Sallie Mae）所许诺的迅速回报。美国学生贷款市场营销学会是其中的重要代表其总部位于弗吉尼亚州莱斯顿（Reston ），是一家庞大的私有贷款机构。自2000 年起，已有62 所大学放弃了与教育部的直接贷款计划。现在仍有越来越多的大学逐渐加入其中。目前，美国学生贷款市场营销学会已经从联邦政府手中赢得了总额达10

32、 亿美元以上的贷款业务。2004年9月英语中级口译真题As individuals and as a nation, were defined by the choices we make. And too often, by the tough decisions we avoid. Most of us have avoided even thinking about how our rapidly growing population is affecting our quality of life and shaping our society. Our population has

33、more than doubled since World War II, and at this rate, we could be on our way to 1 billion people living in the United States by the end of the century. Our population growth, driven in part by unchecked immigration, is already straining our healthcare and educational systems and, less noticeably b

34、ut far more important putting a heavy burden on our natural resources. All these pressures on our resources will only worsen unless our leaders begin a national dialogue on the future of this country and start making the tough choices. Politicians are avoiding debate on these issues because they are

35、 the most difficult ones to confront. In campaign debating, these are wedge issues. But failure to come to terms with them will drive a wedge between all of us and a prosperous, healthy future for this country. 我们作为个人和一个国家 （民族），其特性表现为我们所做的选择，而且还常常表现为 我们不想/避免做出的艰难决定（来确定的）。我们大多数人甚至不去思考我国快速增长的人 口是怎样影响着

36、我们的生活质量，决定着我们的社会。二次世界大战以来，我国的人口增加了一倍多。照这样的数度增长，到本世纪末生活在美国 的人口有可能达到10 亿。造成我国人口增长的一部分原因是我们未对移民加以控制。这种 增长已经对我国的医疗保健，教育体制造成压力。而且是我国的自然资源背上了沉重的负担， 这一点虽然不太引起人们注意，但是更为重要。 除非我们的领导人就国家的未来开始一场全国性的对话，并作出艰难的决定，否则对于我国 资源的这些压力不会减轻。政客们避免就这些问题展开辩论，因为这些问题难以面对。在总 统竞选辩论中，这些问题会导致分歧。但若不能成功地解决这些问题，我们将无法实现国家 繁荣、健康的未来。 200

37、5.3Americans have come to expect a lot of their presidents, more perhaps than any can deliver. We say that the president runs the country, but in practice, presidents have trouble running large parts of the government. We hold the president responsible for the economy, even though he has few economi

38、c levers at his command. We expect the commander in chief to lead us to victory in war, and then we complain when we think he is micromanaging the military.And we tend to think of the president as the personification of the nation he leads. Few other democracies combine the position of head of gover

39、nment and head of state. We do, and some of the bitterness of our politics spring from the conviction of many Americans that this of that president does not really represent their country. Yet as we look back at our presidents, we see them less as partisan politicians than as national leaders, who i

40、n different ways have helped develop the strengths and virtues of our nation.2005.9There is a growing number of economists who believe today s brutally tough labor market is not a temporary American oddity. Falling wages, reduced benefits and rising job insecurity seem to be increasingly entrenched

41、features of the job scene across most of Western Europe, the United States and other parts of the developed world. The number of insecure freelance positions is rising (as are working hours) while stable jobs with good benefits are being cut. Laid-off workers are much less likely to be rehired by th

42、eir old companies and have to find new jobs or turn to self-employment. Those who still have jobs are working longer hours with little prospect of meaningful raises.The new labor market is shaped by growing global competition, spurred by the rise of cheap manufacturers in China, India and Eastern Eu

43、rope, and the price-chopping effect of both the Internet and giant retailers led by Wal-Mart. These forces compel Western companies to exercise a growing restraint on prices and labor cost. One thing globalization clearly does is to exert a leveling effect on wages.越来越多的经济学家认为当今美国劳动力市场竞争异常残酷激烈，这不只是一时的怪现状。在大多西欧国家、美国及其他发达国家，降薪、福利削减、工作稳定性下降似乎已经成为就业市场越来越难以改变的痼疾。不稳定的自由职业岗位增多（工作时间同样延长），而稳定福利好的工作机会减少。一旦失业，人们很难被旧东家重聘，所以不得不找份新工作或者自己创业。而那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，然而他们加薪前景微乎其微。中国、印度、东欧各国劳动力价格低廉，互联网和零售巨头（比如沃尔玛）把商品价格一降再降，这就使得全球竞争日益严重。进而，深刻的改变了原来的劳动力市场。结果，西方国家各家公司既要压低商品的价格，又要尽量削减成本。很明显，全球化让全世界的提薪之日遥遥无期。