剑桥商务英语BEC中级写作讲义.doc

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1、BEC中级写作电子讲义第一讲 BEC写作概述本课程安排简介写作共6次课，第1次讲概述。BEC写作简介：1 写作目的与要求1 Can make notes that are useful to both him/herself and to colleagues.2 Can write most letters he/she is likely to be asked to do; such errors as occur will not prevent understanding of the message.3 Can write a simple report.写作考试共进行45分钟，占

2、总成绩的25%，小作文占10分，大作文占20分。更多的报名信息和成绩查询方法请上网了解： 教育部考试中心2 测试范围与选材 1、身份介绍 (Personal Identification) 2、 工作环境与日常事务 (The office，general business，environment and routine) 3、接待与闲暇活动 (Entertainment of clients，free time，relationships with colleagues and clients) 4、商务旅行 (Travel) 5、健康 (Health) 6、购买与销售 (Buying and

3、 selling) 7、公司结构、系统及程序 (Company structures，systems，processes) 8、产品与服务 (Products and services) 9、成果与成就 (Results and achievements) 其外，还会涉及其他的一般商务话题（Business issues）。3 测试题型分析An Overview of BEC Vantage WritingPARTFunctions/Communicative TaskInputResponseRegister1Business Correspondence:e.g. giving instr

4、uctions, explaining a development, asking for comments, requesting information, agreeing to requestsRubric only (plus layout of output text type)Note, message, memo or e-mail (40-50 words)Neutral/informal2Correspondence:e.g. explaining, apologising, reassuring, complainingReport:describing, summaris

5、ingProposal:describing, summarising, recommending, persuadingOne or more pieces of input from: business correspondence (medium may be letter, fax or e-mail), internal communication (medium may be note, memo, or e-mail), notice, advert, graphs, chart, etc. (plus layout if output is fax or e-mail)Busi

6、ness correspondence (medium may be letter, fax or e-mail) or short report or proposal (medium may be memo or e-mail) (120-140 words)Neutral/formal题型： 1商务便条类； 2商务便函类；3商务书信类；4. 商务报告类注意：BEC不是单纯的英语考试，也不是考察商务知识。对策：学习、模仿高水平的论文例题解析：l You work for a company which produces laser printersYou are visiting anot

7、her company，Softcell, to buy some computer software for your departmentThey have expressed an interest in your companys printers and you would like to take twenty brochures and three sample printers with you相关词汇：laser, inkjet, projector (Barco), photocopier (Xerox), fax machine, scanner, computer, m

8、onitor相关词汇：company literature; brochure; leaflet; flyer; white book; data sheet; prospectusl Write a short note to Mr. Jim Asano，the Sales Managerl Asking for his permission to take these itemsl Explaining why you want theml Mentioning the time and date when you want to collect themWrite 40-50 words

9、 on your Answer Sheet.便函便条类题目的结构Input: situation descriptionTask: memo, note, email content pointsWrite: internal message (40-50 words)注意：格式；发挥部分要确切评分标准BEC写作评分方法级别第一部分分数5全部完成答题要求l 所有内容点都已包括在内并在答题要求允许的情况下加以发挥l 语言规范、自然；错误最少，均属小错。l 多样化的语言结构和丰富的词汇量。l 组织效果好，注意前后呼应。l 语域和格式完全适当。给读者的印象极佳。9或10分4较好的完成答题要求l 所有

10、内容点都处理得不错。l 大体准确；运用复杂语言时有错误。l 结构合理，用词准确。l 大体上组织较好，注意逻辑关系。l 语域和格式总体来说适当。给读者的印象良好。7或8分3尚能达到答题要求l 所有的主要内容点已包括进去，遗漏了一些次要的内容。l 出现一些错误，但不妨碍交流。l 结构和词汇掌握范围适度。l 组织和安排总的来说令人满意。l 语域和格式尚可，虽然并不完全成功。给读者的印象较好。5或6分2不能完全达到答题要求l 遗漏了一些主要的内容点或者处理得不充分，可能有些不切题。l 有时错误影响清楚交流，错误较多，使读者感到迷惑。l 结构、词汇掌握范围有限。l 内容条理不清、不连贯，造成理解困难。l

11、 语域和格式不适当。给读者的印象不佳。3或4分1未能达到答题要求l 显著的内容遗漏/或大量内容不相关，可能由于对题目要求的误解。l 严重不规范，经常出现基本错误。l 题目要求的结构和词汇几乎没有提到。l 缺乏组织，造成交流失败。l 几乎没有使用适当的语域和格式。给读者的印象极差。1或2分0什么要求也没达到。字数少于所需字数的25%，或是完全不能辨认或是完全不切题。0分注意：content; accuracy; conciseness【例题】l Christmas is coming. Your company is going to hold the annual Christmas part

12、y. As the secretary of the general manager, you help arrange the preparation for it.l Write a memo to all employees.l Announcing the planned party.l Welcoming all employees to join it.l Introducing the programs of it.l Mention the time and place that it takes place.l Write 4050 words on your Answer

13、Sheet商务书信类 这一题型要求考生根据所提供的短文，如书信、传真、便函、留言条(电话留言条)等，起草一封书信，字数要求达到120140词左右。题目结构：Input: 1 situation description 2 task 3 target readerReading: texts in note, letter, fax, memo + content points (handwritten notes; second letter)Write: business letter (120-140 words)注意英美拼写问题 【例题】l You have organised a pr

14、oduction conference for your company which will be held on 10 October 2005. The following is the letter of confirmation you received from the Conference Centre.l Read the letter and fax below, which gives details of the conference.l Then, using all information from the fax, write your letter to John

15、 Smith at the Nuffield Conference Centre, explaining the changes to the arrangements.l Do not include postal addresses.l Write 120-140 words on separate sheet.Dear Conference Organiser,I am writing to confirm the arrangements for the conference.DATE AND TIME: 10th October-10 a.m. to 5 p.m.NUMBER OF

16、GUESTS: 50ROOMS RESERVED 10 a. m. to 12: 30 p.m.CONFERENCE HALL 32 p.m. to 5 p.m. SEMINAR ROOMS 1, 2, and 3CATERING: Coffee-11 a.m. to 11:30 a.m.Lunch-12:30p.m. to 2p.m.Conference Centre RestaurantTea-4 p.m.We look forward to welcoming your company to the Nuffield Conference Centre.Yours faithfully,

17、John Smith Today your Production Manager has sent you the fax below with changes he would like to make to the conference arrangementsFAX Im afraid we have to make some last-minute changes to the arrangements for our production conference.1. Ten more guests have accepted.2. The President wants only o

18、ne hour for lunch, and just a simple buffet-not seated in the restaurant.The Conference Speaker（Tom Moors）cant come until 2 pm. So he will give his presentation in the afternoon. Can we move the seminars to the morning?Sorry about this!Sam注意：1 不要跑题 2 适当发挥 3 目标读者 4 不要抄袭三种对策：a 换句型e.g. This rule applie

19、s in every case. There are no exceptions to the rule. (肯定句变否定句)b 换同义词e.g. The arguments put forward by these two authors are nearly the same.The views expressed by the two writers are almost identical.c 改词性e.g. The English language has had a major impact on developing other world languages.Other wor

20、ld languages have been greatly affected by the English language in their developments.商务报告类 【例题】 l You recently attended a one-day course on office management. Below is the course programme, with the comments you wrote on it.l Write a short report about the course for your Manager. Include all your

21、comments and say whether your company should send other staff on this course. Write 120-140 words.l Write on your Answer Sheet. Do not write in capital letters.good, practicalvery general, nothing newOFFICE MANAGEMENT SEMINARField House, London26 May 1999PROGRAMME9.00-10.45Managing people and develo

22、ping productive Working relationships10.45-11.00Coffee11.00-12.45Planning the day, work-flow, prioritising12.45-1.30Lunch1.30-3.15Problem-solving and decision-making3.15-3.30Tea3.30-5.00Staff appraisal and staff developmentuseful ideasfell asleep!too short to meet peopleRecommend?第二讲 BEC写作的语言、语法、组织和

23、文体评分五个方面：1 content2 language3 structure & vocabulary4 organisation展开论述上面的5个方面1 内容的完整性2 语言 6C原则1准确(correctness) 包括四层意义，即阅读人能理解、接受的英语水平；使用精确措词，传达准确信息；正确地使用语法和标点符号；拼写正确。 (1)恰当的语言风格 请比较下面两组例词： Formal Informal approximately inquire ascertain obtain assist participate construct purchase contribute suffici

24、ent difficult utilize AboutAskfind outreceivehelpsharebuildbuygiveenoughharduse (2)准确的措词和信息 下面列出的是一系列极易混淆的单词及词组，请注意区分： a lot / allot all right / alright cannot / can not different from / different than . due to / because of effect / affect fewer / less lie / lay principal / principle that /which the

25、ir / them / they re wait for / wait on who / whom (3)正确的语法和标点符号 (4)正确的拼写 2清楚(Clarity) (1)逻辑布局(Logical Organization) 常用的逻辑布局方法包括： 因果关系(Cause & Effect) 时间顺序(Chronological Development) 序列顺序(Sequential Development) 比较(Comparison) 一般到特殊(From General to Specific) 特殊到一般(From Specific to General) (2)合理构架句群与

26、段落(Well-Written Sentences & Paragraphs) 例句： 修改前: Marshall Corporation was founded forty years ago, and it now has branch offices in four states, and it employs nearly 400 individuals.修改后: Marshall Corporation was founded forty years ago. With branch offices in four states, it now employs nearly 400

27、individuals.(3)统一性与一致性(Unity and Coherence) (4)强调(Emphasis) 位置 重复 数量 技巧 (5) 将句中关系紧密的词尽量靠近。 比较下面三对句子：A. They bought a bicycle in Beijing in a small shop which costs $ 25.00.They bought a bicycle for $25.00 in a small shop in Beijing.B. He was warned not to drink water even in a restaurant which had n

28、ot been boiled.He was warned not to drink water which had not been boiled.C. Those who work rapidly get ill in these conditions.Those who work in these conditions rapidly get ill.(6) 避免在同一个句子中使用意义不同的同一个字。 We shall take a firm line with the firm We shall take a strong line with the film 3简洁(Concisene

29、ss) A. We have begun to export our machine to countries abroad. We have begun to export our machines.B. In the event that you speak to Mr. Wood in regard to production, ask him to give consideration to the delivery schedule. If you speak to Mr. Wood about production, ask him to consider the delivery

30、 schedule.C .We require furniture which is of the new type. We require new-type furniture.(1) 使用简洁的语言(Use simple language)尽量使用 避免使用pleasewill you be good enough topreferexpress a preference forbecausefor the reason that(2) 少用陈词滥调(Omit trite expressions)as the case may beit has come to my attentionat

31、 an early age avail yourself of this opportunity previous to crack of dawn pursuant to your request take the liberty to due to the fact that thanking you in advance enclosed herein this is to inform you under separate cover with kindest regards I wish to state(3) 避免冗长的表达方式和不必要的重复(avoid wordy express

32、ions & unnecessary repetition)。 WordyConcise1. We would like toplease2. For the month of Augustfor August3. Pursuant to the end of this weeknow4. A long period of timea long time5. At this timenow6. Is at this timeis7. The weight was higher thanthe weight was greater than8. I expected it to beexpect

33、ed9. During the year of 1995during 199510. For the development offor developing11. In the city of Dallasin Dallas12. The problem was that the car would notthe car would not start start13. Square in shapesquare14. in accordance with your requestyou requested15. Sign on the front of this formsign this

34、 form16. During the time thatwhile17. Consensus of opinionwe agree18. Remember the fact thatremember19, Held a meetingmet20. this is the situation at this timenow(4)删改无关紧要的成份(Remove unneeded facts) A. It should be noted that this is the best we can do,B. For your information we enclose a catalogue.C

35、. Please be advised that we have received your invoice.1. as soon as possible by July 102. as you indicated in your letter as you indicated3. at all times always4. at this time now5. continue to utilize the old form untilstart using the new form on February such time as the new form is available6. d

36、espite the fact thatdespite7. for the month of Aprilfor April8. for obvious reason thatbecause9. I would ask that youpleaseI0. in conjunction withwith11. in the mere recent pastrecently12. in the unlikely event thatif13. in the unlikely event that I am unable to if I am late, please delay the meetin

37、g be on time, please delay the meeting14. in view of the fact thatbecause15. it will be greatly appreciated if youplease16. our production of the new product willproduction will begin on July 1 commence on July 117. please be advised that we expect you toplease review the contract review the enclose

38、d contract(5)多使用主动语态的句子结构以明确表达意思。Payment of their accounts will be made by Johnsons next week Johnsons will pay their accounts next week4具体(Concreteness)(1) 尽可能地提供明确、具体的信息。A. These brakes can stop a car within a short distance. These Goodson power brakes can stop a 2-ton car within 24 feet.B. We hop

39、e the equipment will be delivered to our company as soon as possible. Please deliver the equipment to our company before next Friday.C. She is a fast typist. She types at the fast rate of 85 words per minute. (2) 使用具体词汇 A. We have no hesitation in advising you We advise youB. The preparation of new

40、price scale is in hand. New price scales are being prepared this week.C. Due to the unusual nature of the request,As the request is unusual, a great deal of time, bad, large, good, small, around, old, convenient, young, little, majority, minority, most, less 5完整(Completeness) 自查：谁(Who)? 什么(What)? 什么

41、时候(When)? 在哪里(Where)? 为什么(Why)? 怎么样(How)? 6礼貌(Courtesy) 例如：Dear Mrs. Walters,Because you delayed so long in your response, Model GSF is off stock. If you are interested, we have some similar models on handYours truly,修改： Dear Mrs. Walters If I had known your needs before May 20, I could have shipped

42、 Model GSP immediately. However, the spring sale drained our stock. The Model GSK, a similar instrument, is in stock, and you could have it at the same price as the GSF. It normally sells for $10,000 more. we will ship it as soon as you give us the word.Yours sincerely (1) 使用礼貌友好的词汇A. 说“Thank you ,

43、例如:Thank you for your letter of yesterday.Thank you for your prompt reply.Thank you for helping us in this respect.Thank you for your information.(2)体谅对方的写作态度(You-Attitude)Writer emphasis: We are shipping your order on Friday.Reader emphasis:You will receive your order by Monday, October 10.Writer e

44、mphasis: To reduce our costs, we are changing the billing system.Reader emphasis:To provide you with clear records, we are changing our billing system.Writer emphasis:I was pleased to hear that the project was completed.Reader emphasis:Congratulations on successfully completing the projectWriter emp

45、hasis:We regret that you closed your account with us a week ago. We believe that people may come back to our bank again sooner or later since we have a good credit among our customers.Reader emphasis:A week ago you closed your account with us. Whatever the reason, we are pleased to have played some

46、small part in your program. You are cordially invited to use our other services as occasion may require.(3) 措辞得体(Appropriate Wording)a避免采用消极性的词汇或句式Negative Wording:The office is closed after four Oclock,Positive Wording:The office is open until four Oclock.Negative Wording:When I received your compl

47、aint, I checked our records.Positive Wording:When I received your letter, I checked our records.Negative Wording:Because you failed to connect the cable, the picture was blurred.Positive Wording:The picture was blurred because the V-2 cable was not connected to the terminal.Negative Wording:You did

48、not read my recent letter.Positive Wording:Please refer to my June 10th letter.Negative Wording:The Executive Board did not receive notification.Positive Wording:Several members of the Executive Board inquired about the time of our December meeting. Will you please send them a follow-up?Negative Wor

49、ding:Your letter was not clear.Positive Wording:I would appreciate an outline of our marketing differences that you mentioned in your October 14th letter.b.有失礼貌的言词We deny your claimcomplaintWe do not believeconfusionWe are not surecontraryWe find it difficult to understandcontrivanceWe expectdelinqu

50、entWe insistdenyWe are forceddisagreeableWe take issueexasperateYou forgotfailureYou neglectedignoranceYou failed toimpatienceYou misunderstoodincompetentYou mustincredibleYou should knowinexcusableYou do not haveinferenceYou are delinquentinsincereYou insist thatinsinuateYou did not sayinsultingYou

51、r ignoringintolerableYour credit refusalirresponsibleYour recent complaintirritatedYour failure tolackYour misunderstandingneglectYour neglectful attitudeobjectionYour disregard forobnoxiousYour insinuationoffensiveYour lack of communicationunbelievableYour delinquent accountuncooperative(4)避免使用有性别歧

52、视之嫌的词语A用“person”代替第三人称单数。例如:Instead of:Please share this report with your supervisor. He will find it interesting.Say:Please share this report with your supervisor, who will find it interesting.B有一些常用的商务英语词汇有性别歧视之嫌，应该稍加改变。 Instead of SayBusinessman workmen Chairman Foremen Salesman Spokesman Stockbo

53、y Workman business personemployees/workerchairpersonsupervisorssales representative / sales personspokespersonstock clerkemployee / worker(5) 及时答复(Timely Response)例：We will examine your camera to determine the shutter-response problem and have it back to you within three weeks, if repairs axe needed

54、, I will call you for approval to make the repairs.例：Mr. Smith is out of the office until the end of the month. I am sure he will be able to provide you with all of the information you requested when he returns.连贯和衔接（一）连贯 (coherence) 常见连接词有：1表示罗列增加First, second, third,First, then / next, after that

55、/ next, finallyFor one thing for another,On (the) one handon the other hand,Besides / whats more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,Especially / In particular,2表示时间顺序now, at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning,

56、 to begin with,later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the momentform now on, from then on,at the same time, meanwhile,till, notuntil, before, after, when, while, as during,3表示解释说明now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreov

57、erfurthermore, in fact, actually4表示转折关系but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the otherhand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all,5表示并列关系or, and, also, too, not only but also, as well as, both and, either or, neither nor

58、6表示因果关系because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to, due to, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, sothat, suchthat7表示条件关系as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless8表示让步关系though, although, as, even if, even though, whether or, however, whoever,whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)9表示举例for example, for instance, such as, take for example10表示比较be sim