区分三大非谓语动词.ppt

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1、 1.（ ）， the girl raced on to the second runners. A. stick in hand B. With a stick in her hand C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands 问题补充： .（ ）， the girls raced on to the second runners. A. stick in hand B. With a stick in her hand C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands 解释： 1. 独立主格结构中，如果使用 “独立主语 + 介宾”且介

2、词是 in时， 则其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分 （如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with的复合结构不受此限制。 2. 所 以如果使用独立主格结构，答案为： Stick in hand； 而如果使用 with的复 合结构，则答案为： With sticks in their hands. 3. 综上所述，正确答案 为 A。 动名词 动词不定 式 分词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 动词不定式的基本形式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing to

3、 have been doing 分词的基本形式 主动语态 被动语态 现 在 分 词 一般式 完成式 过去分词 doing being done having done having been done done 作主语 : To obey law is everyone s duty. To do such things is foolish. 不定式作主语时 ,谓语用单数，为了平衡句子 , 通常用 it作形式主语 ,构成句型 : It s +n.(adj.)+ for(of) sb. +to do sth. To find out who stole the money is not ea

4、sy. It s not easy (for you )to find out who stole the money. 如果要表示不定式动作的执行者 ,要在不定式 短语前加上一个 for sb.的短语，语法上称为 不定式的复合结构 . It is useful for you to learn some spoken English. It is very kind of you to come here. It is foolish of him to do such a thing. It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation. 在

5、某些形容词如 clever, good ,nice, kind ,foolish, careless, right, wrong, rude, impolite等词之后的不定式前，常加 of短语 ,这 是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。 动词不定式（短语）做主语时，可用 it做形 式主语，通常是一些特定的形容词，动词 和名词 1) adj.做表语常见的 adj.有 important, difficult, easy, hard, possible, impossible等 Eg. It is impossible to do it well. It s easy to get the wor

6、k finished before five. ） V.做谓语常见的 v.有 take, require, need, cost, amuse, delight, irritate(激怒 ), annoy(打扰，扰乱 ) Eg. It took us three hours to finish the work. It requires another three persons to do the work. 3) n.做表语 Eg. It s a great pleasure to help you. It s an honour to be invited to you birthday

7、 party. It s a good idea to do the work in another way. 动名词做主语时， it也可作形式主语用于这种形 式的是一些特定的 adj.和 n.，但这类次较少 .adj.: enjoyable, good, worthwhile, nice ,worth, useless, 等； n.: no use, no good, fun, a hard/difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time 等 Eg. It s worthwhile doing it. It s no use doing it. It s a

8、 waste of time trying to persuade him not to smoke. 作宾语 I m preparing to take the examination next week. When the boy was only four, his father decided to make an artist of him. attempt, afford, agree, aim, arrange, beg, care choose, decide, demand, determine, enable, expect, hope , intend , long, l

9、earn , manage, offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise , refuse seek, wish, want , etc. allow, mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, doubt, escape, consider, admit(承 认 )， advise, appreciate=enjoy（欣 赏） , avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, delay（延迟） , imagine, include, keep, quit（离开） , resist(抵抗 ), risk（冒险）

10、, understand, be used to, look forward to（期望） , object to, pay attention to, etc. 以及介词后接动名词 doing 动名词作宾语 有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动 名词做宾语 ,两者意义差别不大 .这些词有 like, hate, begin, start, love, continue 等 区别： like 和 hate 等 start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动名词无 多大区别。但在下列情况下，多用动词不定式： a自然界变化： It started to rain. Snow started to

11、 melt as spring came. b. 心理活动，在 understand, know, realize等词前 I began to realize my mistakes. c. begin, start本身为进行时 ： People are beginning to take some measures to stop pollution. 有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可 接动名词做宾语，但意义截然不同。 try to do try doing mean to do mean doing forget to do forget doing remember to do re

12、member doing stop to do stop doing 尽力去做某事 试一试，试试看 打算做某事 意味着做某事 忘记做过了某事 忘记要做某事 记得要做某事 记得做过了某事 停下（某事）去做某事 把某事停下来 go on doing go on to do regret to do regret doing 注意 ： 这组短语后接不定式时一般表示将 来，此动作还没有发生；而接动名词时， 常表示过去，此动作发生在过去 need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟 v-ing作宾语，主动表被动，相当于 to be done. 继续做同一件事 继续做另一件事 遗憾地要做某事

13、后悔做了某事 can t help to do can t help doing 情不自禁做某事 不能帮助做某事 不定式既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语 . 不定式作介词的宾语时 ,介词之后一般不直接 接不定式，一般都是 :疑问词 +不定式 作宾语 . I m worrying about what to do next. Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 动词 +疑问词 +不定式 I don t know what to do next. We haven t decide where to spend our

14、 holiday. 这类词有 : advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understand 个别介词例外 : 需要注意的是 ,此句型中 but/ except 前必须要有实义动词 do时， but / except 后的不定式 to才能省略，否则 to则不省 .我们用一 句话概括就是： 有 do无 to，有 to无 do She has no choice but to wait for the news. There was nothing she could do but cry. He h

15、ad no choice but to wait. He could do nothing but wait. 作表语 不定式 ：具体的，将要发生的动作 动名词 ：抽象的，习惯性的动作 分词 ： 现在分词：令人的 过去分词：感到的 The situation is encouraging. He felt encouraged by the teacher s words. She looked disappointed. The news is very disappointing. Our work is serving the people. His hobby is collectin

16、g stamps. 做定语 不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends. Ladies and gentlemen ,I have something important to tell you . 当名词被 the first ,the last以及 the only 等序数词 以及 形容词最高级 修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而 不管动作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to c

17、ome and the last to leave. I have nothing to do but wait. Do you have anything to say? 不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot, anything 等习惯上用不定 式做宾语 以“ 即将发生的动作 ”修饰事物时，可 用不定式做定语 He will write more books in the years to come. The students are preparing for the examination to take place soon. 分词做

18、定语： 分词前置： We can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker. 分词后置： There was a girl sitting there. This is the question given. There is nothing interesting. 单个的分词做定语 分词短语，个别分词如 given, left以 及修饰不定代词 something等时要后 置 动名词与分词做定语的区别： a sleeping baby a sleeping car the boiling water the boiled water the su

19、rprised people the surprising news a swimming pool a reading room the changing world the changed world 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词 或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系， 即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式 的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语 Alice is always the first student to come to school. (主谓关系 ) The teacher gave me some English books to read. (动宾关系 ) Mr. Brown has a large f

20、amily to support. (动宾关系 ) 当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上 的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动 词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形 成逻辑上的动宾关系 Please pass me some paper to write on. There s nothing for us to worry about. She has a nice pen to write with. He bought a flat for the family to live in. 不定式 ,分词做宾语补足语的区别 : “动词 +宾语 +动词不定式” ask, get, allow, fo

21、rbid, prefer, force, announce, press, inspire, request, advise, remind, beg, report, invited, command, show, drive, mean, train, cause, instruct, require, tell, direct, order, warn, enable, need, encourage, want, lead, teach, permit, wish, etc. 在被动语态中，不定式则由宾语补足语变 成了主语补足语 Teacher ask him to clean the

22、 blackboard. He was asked to clean the blackboard. His boss order him to go there at once. He was ordered to go there at once. 在被动语态中不定式一律带 to，不存在省 略问题 但当以上的动词用于被动式， to要还原 ： They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree. 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补 足语时，要省略 to W

23、ith a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A settled B settling C to settle D being settled 1 表示感觉或心理状态的动词 see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen to , feel / think / find/ want / like ，使役动词 have , make , get , keep 3, with + 宾语 宾补 do doing d

24、one to do doing done 需要注意 have, make的用法 ： I won t have him cheat me.“ 允许 ,让 ,使” I have a lot of work to do. “有” His story made us laugh. “使” Father made a kite for his son to fly. “制造 , 做” 在谓语动词 think ,consider , prove, find, suppose ,believe, imagine,等后面跟 to be作宾补，不跟 to do. Imagine yourself (to be)

25、 in his place. We found him (to be) honest. We consider him to have finished the work. have, get后接三种形式做宾补时 ,表示” 使 , 让 ,叫 ” have sth. done= get sth. done让某人 做某事 I ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow. 此外， have sth. done还表示“使遭受 ” Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr. Smith had his house

26、broken into while he was away on holiday. have sth. to do have sb./ sth. doing让使某人 /物持续地做 某事 get sb./sth. doing 使某人开始行动起来 The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time. have sb. do sth. get sb. to do st

27、h. 使 /让 /叫某人去做某事 . Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I can t get him to stop smoking. He won t listen to me . have have sb do sth . doing sth. have sth to do done make make sb. do sth . make sth. done make oneself done get sb. to do sth. get sth. done get It s wrong of you to leave the

28、 machine running.(主动，进行） The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn t taste delicious.(被动，完成） He left ,leaving me to do all the rest work . (主动，进行） We hurriedly ended our meeting. Leaving many problems to be settled. (被动，将来） leave 后接几种形式 作宾补时，其中的 leave保留了原来的意思“留下”但表达的 确切之意应是“使处于

29、某种状态” 能用现在分词做宾补的动词有： see ,find, discover, look at, observe, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, smell, keep, bring, imagine, sense, set. She sensed the danger coming near. His words set us laughing. We smell something burning in the next room. 能用过去分词做宾补的动词有 have, get, see, hear, find, make, want,

30、feel, keep 等 You should make yourself heard (understood). You d better get your mistakes corrected. 试比较： Did you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. Yes, I did. I heard the door knocked three times. 作状语（动词不定式与分词） He came here to attend an important meeting.

31、(so as to 不能置于句首， in order to可以 ) (目的 ) He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. （结果） She was very surprised to hear the news.（原 因） I hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. (结果 ) 作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的 结果，（经常与 only连用） 出乎意料 动词不定式 不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用 : (主动表被动 ) “ so as t

32、o/suchas to( 如此 以致于 ) ” Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus. “ too to ” The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out. “ adj./adv./n. + enough to do The boy is old enough to go to school. I am glad to see you. I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 在某些形容词做表语，表示喜怒哀乐后跟不 定式表示原因。 主动

33、形式表被动意义的不定式 E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with. 主语 be +adj. +to do 能用于此句型的形容词有： difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的 ), light interesting, nice , heavy, dangerous, important, etc. 在 there be结构中，作定语用的不定式如修 饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，

34、也可用 主动式来表示 There is a lot of work to do/to be done. Hurry up! There s no time to lose/to be lost. There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning. 不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之 前 I m glad to have seen your father. She seemed to have heard of it already. there be的非谓语形式 1)there to be :做宾语（ expect

35、,like, mean, intend, want, prefer ,hate, etc.)和介词 for的宾 语 They hate there to be long queues everywhere. It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between the old and the young. 2 there being 做状语 和介词宾语（除了 for） There being mo classes, they decided to have a picnic. John was relying

36、on there being another opportunity. 改错： 1.Seeing from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. seen 2. Not knowing her address, so I can t get in touch with her. 3. Being dark, she didn t dare to go out alone. It 分词做状语，逻辑主语与句子的主语应该是一致的， 否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立主 格结构。 分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际 的主语

37、和谓语分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句 尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等例如： The meeting being over, they went home. (时间 ) Mother being ill in bed, he couldn t go to work.（原因） Time permitting , I shall stay here for another two days（条件） She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.（伴随） She sat still in the chair, with her ey

38、es closed. （伴随） 难点内容： 用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句 子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整 句子的主语 ,独立主格结构 ， with的复合结构或例如： （ ） Given more help, the project will be completed earlier. 改 : If we are given more help, the project will be completed earlier. (状语从句 ) Given more help, we will complete the project earlier. （调整主语） (2)Br

39、oken his leg, he couldn t go to school. 改 : His leg broken, he couldn t go to school.（独立主格结构） He couldn t go to school with his leg broken. （ with的复合结构） (F) (F) 现在分词与过去分词做状语的区别 Having finished their work, they had a rest. Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. Given more attention, the tr

40、ees could have grown better. Given more time, she could do it better. 当 and或 or连接同一概念的不定式时， 或者当它 们之间的关系并列时，可将 and或 or后面的 to省去 I d like to go and see a film. He had to have a job or go hungry. 有关动词不定式句型 cannot help but do ,cannot but do ,cannot choose but do , can do nothing but do ,have no choice bu

41、t to do 1. -What do you think made Mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 2._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old. A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk 3. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night. A. to burn B. burn C. burni

42、ng D. burned 4. The library needs _,but it ll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 5. What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. It s worth _a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read C B C A C 6. The speaker raised his voice but sti

43、ll couldn t make himself_ . A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard 7. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 8._from heart trouble for years,Professor White has to take some medicine whether he goes. A.Suffered B Suffering

44、 C Having suffered D Being suffered 9. The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed D C C D B 11 .They knew her very w

45、ell.They had seen her_up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. growing D. to grow 12.The _ boys were last seen_ near the river. A .missing ; playing B. missing ; play C.missed ; played D.missed ; to play 13.Mr. Smith, _of the _speech, started to read a novel A .tired , boring B.tiring , bored C. tired

46、, bored D .tiring , boring A A A 14.The picture _on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung B 15. The salesman scold the girl caught _and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C .to steal D .stealing D He felt it a great honour _ to the palace ba

47、ll. A to have been invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited _with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn t seem high at all. A When compared B To compare C While comparing D It compared The discovery of new evidence led to _ A the thief having caught B catch the th

48、ief C the thief being caught D the thief to be caught -I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do? -Don t speak until_. A speaking B spoken to C spoken D speaking to Unless _to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A invited B inviting C being invited D having in

49、vited Friendship is like money: easier made than _ A kept B to be kept C keeping D being kept The professor entered the lab, _ by two assistants. A following B followed C follow D by following Don t leave the water_ while you brush your teeth. A run B running C being run D to run “ We can t go out i

50、n this weather,” said Tom, _out of the window. A looking B to look C looked D having looked He looked tired. He seemed_ a sleepless night. A to have B to have had C having D he had What worried the child most was_ to visit his mother in the hospital. A his not allowing B having not being allowed C h

51、is not being allowed D his being not allowed _Sunday, the students are at home. A Being B To be C It is D It being _ stone and sticks, they ran into the street and joined in the fighting A Armed B Arming C Armed with D Arming with She told me that her camera was_ A missed B robbed C lost D lain _har

52、d, you ll make it , I believe. A Work B To work C Working D Worked Breakfast will be ready by the time _ A you dressed up B you will be dressed C you will have dressed D you have dressed In the days _,he was still in low spirits, and it seemed hard for him to get over it. A following B followed C th

53、at followed D to follow Last summer I took a course on_. A how to make dresses B how dresses be made C how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made I ve worked with children before, so I know what _in my new job. A expected B to expect C to be expecting D expects There are five pairs_, but I am a

54、t a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult. A not make B not to make C. not making D do not make I would love _to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A

55、 to go B having gone C going D to have gone _late in the morning ,Bob turned off the alarm. A To sleep B Sleeping C Sleep D Having slept Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job. A so not as to B so as not to C so as to not D not so as to John was made _the truck for a week as a punishment. A

56、to wash B washing C wash D to be washing She can t help _the house because she s busy making a cake. A to clean B cleaning C cleaned D being cleaned The patient was warned _oily food after the operation. A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating It s said that the Olympic Games _in Beijing

57、 in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A holding B to be held C held D to be holding Will you please tell me why you had no pen _in class, Kate? A to have written B to be written with C to have been written D to write with Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly,_ him a millionaire overnight. A making B makes C to make D made