chapter14GenitourinarySystem

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1、Unit 14 Genitourinary System The kidney and urinary systemBody fluidnTotal body fluidnIntracellular fluidnExtracellular fluid(ECF)nInterstitial fluidnPlasma fluidnVenous fluidnArterial fluidnHypovolemia=volume depletion血容不足Electrolyte disordersnSodiumqHyponatremia/hypernatremianPotassiumqHypokalemia

2、/hyperkalemianCalciumqHypocalcemia/hypercalcemianMagnesium qHypomagnesemia/hypermagnesemianPhosphorusqHypophosphatemia/hyperphosphatemiaMetabolic acid-base disordernAcidosisnAlkalosisnAnion gap(AG)阴离子间隙The difference between the sum of the measured cations and anions in the plasma or serum nAssociat

3、ed with seizure,shock,oliguria,anuria,polyuria,hypertension and diarrheaCalculi nNephrolithiasis7nefrEuli5WaiEsis肾石病nUrinary/Renal/bladder stonencalcium/uric acid/cystine(胱氨酸)stonenIVP(intravenous pyelogram)静脉肾孟造影照片nLithotripsy碎石术nUreterolithotomynSWL=shock wave lithotripsyNephritisnBalkan nephritis

4、interstitial nephritis in South Europenacute glomerulonephritis急性肾小球肾炎nacute pyelonephritis急性肾孟肾炎ncystopyelonephritis膀胱肾盂肾炎 CRF&ARFnThe presence of anemia,normokalemia,calcium-phosphate abnormalities,and malnutrition is evidence of chronic renal failure,whereas in acute renal failure,hyperkalemia,fl

5、uid overload,and normal-sized kidneys are seen.Renal replacement therapynDialysis qHD=hemodialysisqPD=peritoneal dialysisnTransplantationqABO typingqHLA typing人(类)白细胞抗原分型qMixed lymphocyte culture混合淋巴细胞培养qCrossmatching交叉配血UTInColony count菌落计数nBacteriuria菌尿nAcute/chronic pyelonephritisnAcute uncomplic

6、ated cystitisnAcute prostatitisnChronic nonbacterial prostatitisnDysuria LUTS(lower urinary tract symptoms)nFrequencynUrgencynHesitancynWeak streamnIntermittencynDribblingnDouble voidingnstrainingnNocturianretention尿羞症nShy Bladder Syndrome nParuresis nPsychogenic urinary retentionAssessment of urina

7、ry tractsnUltrasonographynIVU=intravenous urography静脉尿路造影术nIVP=intravenous pyelography 静脉肾盂造影nRUG=retrograde urethrogram逆行性输尿管造影(照)片nVCUG=voiding cystourethrogram排泄性膀胱尿道造影照片nuroflowmetry尿流量测定ncystometry膀胱内压测量法IVPUrine abnormalitiesnHematurianproteinuriaCommon causes of discolored urinenRedqErythrocy

8、turia红细胞尿qHemoglobinuria血红蛋白尿qMyoglobinuria肌红蛋白尿qPorphyruria卟啉尿qNatural food pigments(beets,berries)qFood coloringnDark yellowqBilirubinqFoods(carrots,riboflavin,vitamin A)nOrangeqLaxatives containing phenolphthalein 含酚酞的泻药nBlue or greenqPseudomonas infection假单胞细菌感染Staging of genitourinary tumorsnTX

9、 primary tumor cannot be assessednT0 no evidence of primary tumornMX distant metastasis cannot be assessednM0 no distant metastasisnM1 distant metastasisUnit 14 Genitourinary System The female reproductive systemBreast diseasesnHematoma7hi:mE5tEumE血肿nFat necrosisnGalactorrhea乳漏nGalactocele乳腺囊肿nPapil

10、loma乳突淋瘤;刺瘤nFibroadenomanmastodyniaBreast CancernRisk factors:qHistory of breast cancer/family historyqFibrocystic diseaseqProlonged reproductive life qNulliparity9nQlIpArEtI 未产妇qProlonged use of postmenopausal estrogen therapynBSE=breast self-examinationnMammography nMastectomy Abnormal uterine ble

11、eding nHypermenorrhea:excessive but regularnMenometrorrhagia:prolonged,irregularnMenorrhagia:excessive in amount and/or durationnPolymenorrhea:35 days nHypomenorrhea:decrease in amount and durationnAmenorrhea:absent 90 days闭经nMetrorrhagia:irregular bleeding子宫不规则出血Endometriosis nThe presence of ectop

12、ic implants of tissue that look and act like endometrium and are found outside the uterine cavity.nsigns and symptoms:qDysmenorrhea7dismenE5ri:E 痛经qDyspareunia7dispE5ru:niE 性交困难qMenorrhagia7menE5reidViE月经过多qDysuriadis5juEriE 排尿困难qThick and retroverted uterus子宫增厚后倾Cervix nChronic cervicitis nCervical

13、 erosionnNabothian cyst纳博特(氏)囊肿,子宫颈腺滤泡囊肿nCervical polypsnCervical hypertrophynCarcinoma of cervixOvary n卵巢成形术卵巢成形术oophoroplasty n卵巢出血卵巢出血oophorrhagian卵巢部分切除术卵巢部分切除术Partial oophorectomy n卵巢穿刺术卵巢穿刺术ovariocentesis n卵巢囊腺纤维瘤卵巢囊腺纤维瘤cystadenofibroma of the ovaryMenopause nClimactericklai5mAktErik 更年期,绝经期nP

14、erimenopausal transition围绝经期,更年期nHormone replacement therapynEstrogen replacement therapy ERTnRisks of ERTqEndometrial carcinomaqBreast cancerqHypertensionqThromboembolic diseaseExercise I:Do You Know These Acronyms?nESRDnPIDnUTIsnBPHnPBSnBUNnMPGNnIUDnEnd-stage renal diseasenpelvic inflammatory dise

15、asenUrinary tract infectionsnBenign prostatic hyperplasianPainful bladder syndromenBlood urea nitrogennmembrane proliferative glomerulonephritisnintrauterine contraceptive deviceUnit 14 Genitourinary System The male reproductive systemEDnErectile dysfunctionnPrimary impotencenSecondary impotencenPsy

16、chogenic impotencenOrganic impotencenPriapism5praiEpizEm持续勃起症Male reproductive dysfunctionnAzoospermiaei7zEuE5spE:miE精子缺乏nHypogonadism7haipEu5CnA7dizEm性腺机能减退nOligospermia少精液症nAsthenospermia 7AsWinEu5spE:miE精子活力不足nteratospermia畸形精子Infertility TreatmentnEvaluation of ovulationnSemen analysisnHysterosa

17、lpingogram子宫输卵管造影片nSuperovulation=controlled ovarian hyperstimulation nIUI=intrauterine inseminationnIVFnICSI=intracytoplasmic sperm injection精子卵浆内注射技术nAID=artificial insemination with donor spermnGIFT=gamete intrafallopian transfer输卵管内配子移植术STDnHerpes simplexnHIV/AIDSnHPV(Human papillomaviruses)/war

18、t软疣nSyphilisngonorrheanTrichomoniasistrikEmE5naiEsis毛滴虫病,滴虫病STDnChancroid 5FANkrCid软性下疳nLymphogranuloma venereum(LGV)性病性淋巴肉芽肿nGranuloma inguinale腹股沟肉芽肿nPediculosis pubis阴虱病nScabies infestation 疥疮Exercise II:Genitourinary Terms A-ZnFour Ss form a team to work out a sequence of genitourinary terms from A to Z.You may not complete the sequence,but try to leave the gap as small as possible.Game:word squaresPlayer A Player B