英语的基本词类及其词组搭配

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1、一：词类及其构成的短语的结构和使用不同的词类，在句子中的分布是不一样的。A实义词1. 名词A.句中位置：They have no 句中这一位置，只能填名词，而不能出现动词，介词，形容词或者副词。如：They have no car/friends/courage/ideas（nouns）*They have no went (V) /in (P) /old (Adj) /courageously (Adv)B.曲折变化只有名词才能带表示复数的标志 s/-es或其他不规则变化如：They are fools/*foolishes (Adj) C.名词的复杂情况：1. 有不规则动词（irregul

2、ar noun），如sheep，单复数同形2. 存在不可数名词（mass nouns/noncount nouns）没有复数形式如：furniture*one furniture/two furnitures3. 当一个名词词组由不止一个名词构成，在变成复数时，只有中心词（head noun）才能带复数的标志。 如：skate boards，policy decisions，coat hangersD.复数名词的标志的读法：-z after b, d, g, v, m, n, r, l, w -s after p, t, k, f (chiefs), th-iz after s, z, sh,

3、 chE.复数名词变形的规则：1. 增添：加音n 如在：oxen, brethren, children中2. 替换： /e/ / men man /i/ /u/women woman /i:/ /u/feet foot /ai/ /au/ mice mouse3. 不发生变化：sheep sheep, crew crew4. 外来词的变化： Latin: 阴性 ae a larvae larva 阳性 i us stimuli stimulus 中性 a um data datumGreek: ses sis crises crisis ata a schemata schema a on

4、criteria criterion ices ix appendices appendix2.动词A句中位置只有动词原形才能出现在以下位置：They/it can 例证为：They can stay/leave/hide/fly (V.)*They can gorgeous (Adj)/happily (Adv) /down (preposition)/door (noun)B.曲折变化动词拥有base form即词典中的原始形态，一般现在时，一般过去式，过去完成式，现在完成时和进行时如：BASE+N+D+S+INGmowmownmowedmowsmowingshowshownshoweds

5、howsshowingC 特殊情况但英语有许多不规则的动词变化，尤其是be动词的形式，总共有八个Example: ridebe, are, amridesis rodewas, wereriddenbeenridingbeingTable of typical irregular verbsBASE+N+D+S+INGgogonewentgoesgoingspeakspokenspokespeaksspeakingseeseensawseesseeing_come_camecomescomingwait_waited_waitswaitingmeet_met_meetsmeeting_cut_

6、cutscuttingD.复数的读音-d after b, g, v, , z, dg, m, n, l -t after p, f, k, , ts-id after t, d3. 形容词A 句中位置只有形容词或者副词才能被very修饰，而且只能是gradable adjectives/adverbs，如dead就不行补充：gradable 的概念He is very slow(very + adjective)He walks very slowly(very + adverb)*Very fools waste time(very + noun)*He very adores her(v

7、ery + verb)*It happened very after the party(very + preposition)区分形容词和副词只有形容词（而不是副词）才能接在系动词（Link verb）后面，所以下列情况只能用形容词：They are very tall/pretty/kind/nice (adjective)They are very slowly (adverb)/gentleman (noun)/ working (verb)/ outside (preposition)B 曲折变化形容词和副词的比较级和最高级单音节词，加-er变为比较级，加-est变为最高级。如：ni

8、ce-nicer-nicest多音节词，其前加more变比较级，加most变最高级。如：beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful特殊情况：a.少数单音节词的比较级和最高级也需要用more和most 的结构表示：tired - more tired , most tired fond - more fond , most fondglad - more glad , most glad bored - more bored , most boredpleased-more pleased , most pleasedb. 不规则变化good /well- b

9、etter ,bestbad/badly/ill- worse , worst many/much-more , most little - less , least far - farther, farthest / further , furthestold - older , oldest (GA) elder , eldest (GB)c.一些形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式（挑选一种自己用得习惯的，熟记一种即可）cruel- crueler, cruelest / more cruel , most cruel strict- stricter , strictest / mo

10、re strict , most strict often- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often friendly-friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendlyclever- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most cleverd. 还有一些形容词和副词没有比较级和做高级。因为本身就表示最高程度或者绝对状态，及不能被very修饰，也没有比较级和最高级dead，alive，perfect，unique，favorite，right，c

11、orrect，wrong，etc.PS：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不同用法：He is more fluent/ * more fluently at French than you.He speaks French more fluently/ * more fluent than you.4. 副词A. 句中位置只有副词才能修饰动词，动词的补语：如：He treats her badly (adverb)/*kind (adjective)/*shame (noun)He worded the statement carefully (adverb)/ *good (adjective

12、)B. 曲折变化副词的构成，多由形容词加派生词素-ly，或-y得来，如：happy-happilyfun-funnyquick-quickly但也有特殊的副词：friend（noun）-friendly5. 介词只有介词才能被right/straight修饰，表示直接（directly）的意思Go right up the stairsHe went right insideHe walked straight into a wallHe fell straight down其余所有的词类都不能被right/straight强化（intensified）*He right/straight d

13、espaired(right/straight + verb)*She is right/straight pretty(right/straight + adjective)*She looked at him right/straight strangely(right/straight + adverb)*They are right/straight fools(right/straight + noun)但是并不是所有的介词的用法都能被right/straight修饰，表示强化。如：He made right/straight for the exit*He bought a pre

14、sent right/straight for Marry介词在句子中的另一种分布情况就是其后跟宾格代词（objective pronoun）做其修饰语，这一点和transitive verb 一样。注意宾格代词和主格代词（nominative pronoun）的区别：宾格代词在句中做宾语，如him，them，而主格代词做主语，如I，he，theyShe was against him(preposition + pronoun)She was watching him(transitive verb + pronoun)*She is fond him(adjective + pronoun

15、)*She works independently him(adverb + pronoun)*She showed me a photo him(noun + pronoun)B功能词6. 限定词限定词用在名词前，限定名词的所指或者数量。下列句子中的黑体字，均为限定词I bought a new carI prefer this dress to that skirtMy studio apartment is no bigger than your garageAll good comedians tell some bad jokes使用须知：当名词前即有形容词又有限定词时，将限定词放在

16、所有形容词前面：my nice new clothes*nice my new clothed即名词词组的构成为：determiner + adjective（adjectives）+ noun其余的功能词auxiliary verb: have, be, do, can .quantifier: more, most, very, somewhat .preposition: at, by, on, onto .conjunction: and, or, not only, so that .negation: no, never, not, hardly . interrogation: what, how, when .