2014高考英语阅读理解不同体裁阅读方法说明文

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1、英语阅读理解不同体裁阅读方法说明文说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为

2、了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。下面具体看看两篇说明文。（05 重庆卷 B 段）Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to c

3、heck your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an

4、 informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is

5、 the informal English of a holiday postcarDThere is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests wi

6、th a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：59We can find the introduction to a product in .APart 1 BPart 2 CPart 3 DPart 460Which of the following is most pro

7、bably written in informal English?AA letter of complaint. BA computer handbook.CA letter to a frienD DA story of a president.61The passage is most probably written for .Atest designers Bstudents Ctest-takers Dteachers62What is the best title of the book?ATest Your Reading BHelp with Your WritingCLea

8、rn Different Kinds of English DPractise English in Different Ways（参考答案：DCBA）（05 山东卷 E篇）A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduc

9、e deadly road accidents by 20%-40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristbandThe device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minute

10、s during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually, a watchful

11、 driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers re

12、sponse continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months time, are successful, the markets will bring th

13、e product to market within about a year.解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题：72According to the text, Driver Alert _.Aaims to reduce tiredness-related acci

14、dentsBhas gone through testing at laboratoriesCaims to prevent drivers from sleepingDhas been on sale for 12 months73How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?ABy sounding a warning. BBy touching the wristbandCBy checking the driving time. DBy pressing the steering wheel.74We can l

15、earn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response timeis _.Aabout 400 milliseconds Bbelow 500 millisecondsCover 500 milliseconds Dabout 4 minutes75When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _.Amoves more regularly Bstops working properlyCopens the window for

16、 the driver Dsounds more frequently and loudly（参考答案：ADCD）【实战演练练习十九】（05辽宁卷 D篇）While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons that explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance between parents and their

17、children is the major one. This phenomenon（现象）is commonly known as Empty Nest Syndrome（空巢综合症）.In order to seek better chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, leaving their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lone

18、ly days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would ha

19、ve if they had not left their countries. Whatever the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match what they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing response（回应）in time for their aged parents living by them

20、selves.The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents has been described as distant parent phenomenon, which is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for Empty Nest Syndrome.68According to the passag

21、e, the loneliness of aged parents is mainly caused by _.Atheir earlier experience of feeling lonelyBthe unfavorable living conditions in their native countriesCthe common worry about their incomeDthe geographical distance between parents and children69Many young people have gone abroad, leaving thei

22、r aged parents behind, to _.Alive in the countries with more moneyBseek a better place for their aged parentsCcontinue their studies abroadDrealize their dreams in foreign countries70If young people go abroad, _.Athey do not hold to the value of duty at allBthey can give some help to their parents b

23、ack homeCthey cannot do what they should for their parentsDthey believe what they actually do is right71From the last paragraph, we can infer that _.Athe situations in the developed and developing countries are differentBEmpty Nest Syndrome has arrived unexpectedly in our societyCchildren will becom

24、e independent as soon as they go abroadDthe aged parents are not fully prepared for Empty Nest Syndrome【实战演练练习二十】（05辽宁卷 E篇）There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly con

25、trolled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one

26、foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get

27、 tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise woul

28、d injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients

29、 who were not similarly trainedThis is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of the oxygen（氧气）we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all

30、for trained people.72The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because _.Aa mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingersBa wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakesCa movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistakeDa slight movement of a finger wil

31、l lead to a mistake73What must a dancer do before she can balance herself?AShe must dance on the point of her shoes.BShe must receive long-time training.CShe must turn around on one foot.DShe must perform again and again.74The experiments done by some scientists showed that _.Asome male patients wer

32、e asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experimentsBthe physical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrained patientsCthe physical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart troubleDthe physical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen75What

33、would be the best title for this text?ATraining Our Bodies BPhysical ActivitiesCMovement Training DExtra Body Effort【实战演练练习二十一】（05广东卷 C篇）Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in thewater and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you? asked Jamie Ta

34、ylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of EdinburghThere is certainly a lot of energy in waves, he saidScientists are working to use that energy to make electricityMost waves are created whenwinds blow across the oceanThe wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪) , but if theykeep on bl

35、owing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, Taylor saiDWavesare one of nature s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send itthrough a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机) The t

36、urbine can then power an electricalgenerator to produce electricity.The resource is huge, said Janet Swain of the World watch InstituteWe will never run out of wave power Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coalOceans cover three-quarters o

37、f the Earths surface - that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcomeSwain said that wave power still costs too much moneyShe also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknownWhat is more, wave power could a

38、ffect fishing and boat traffiCTraditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run outDemand for energy topower our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world, Swain saidIn the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could b

39、eproviding the electricity!64The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.Atest the readers knowledge about wavesBdraw the readers attention to the topicCshow Jamie Taylors importanceDinvite the readers to answer them65The underlined phrase picking up (paragraph 2) is close

40、st in meaning to _.Astarting again Bspeeding up Cgathering Dimproving66We can make better use of wave energy if we _.Ashorten its journey to thousands of homesBbuild more small power stations on the oceansCreduce the cost of turning it into electric powerDquicken the steps of producing electricity67

41、It can be inferred that some day we might not worry about _.Aair pollution Bour boat trafficCour power supply Dour supply of sea fish【实战演练练习二十二】（06安徽卷 D篇）To extinguish (熄灭) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been inventeDThey must be ready for immediate use when fire

42、breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.Since fuel, oxygen (氧气) and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be remo

43、ved or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.Another method of extinguishin

44、g fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used do cover a small fire.A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can find no fuel.

45、The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.69If a fir

46、e breaks out on a bus, which of the follow should be ready there for you to use?ASand BWaterCA blanket. DAn extinguisher.69To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is an example of .Aseparating the fire Breducing the heatCremoving the fuel Dcutting off the oxygen

47、70In choosing how to put out a fire, we should first be clear about .Awhen it breaks out Bhow it comes aboutCwhat kind it is Dwhere it takes place71What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?AAnother class of fires BAnother type of extinguishersCHow fires break out. DHow fi

48、res can be prevented【实战演练练习二十三】（06江苏卷 E篇）A new eight-kilometre road is under construction that links the port area with the motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the centre of the city. As part of the project, two four

49、-kif0metre road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 metres below the surface and are 12 metres wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the

50、 tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electronic signs at frequent intervals (间隔). They show traffic conditions ahead, an

51、d can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining(混凝土衬砌).Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, whi

52、ch is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system (排水系统), just below the road surface on one aide, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tun

53、nel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel, and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.72Each of the tunnels under construction is _.Aeight kilometres long and twenty metres wideBeight kilometres long and six metres wideCfour kilometres long

54、and twenty metres wideDfour kilometres long and six metres wide73Which part of the tunnel in the diagram is used to pipe out extra water?A1 B3 C5 D674Driving in the tunnel, one can know the traffic conditions ahead through _.Athe lights Bthe electronic signs Cthe trucks and cars Dthe emergency phones75The passage is mainly about _.Athe construction of a road Bthe design of a roadCthe construction of two tunnels Dthe design of two tunnels