词汇和语法结构

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1、词汇和语法结构词汇和短语虽然主要功在平时，但临考前的准备也必不可少，大家一定要抽一定时间复习这部分内容，不可忽视。统考语法部分主要涉及到连接词、动词形式与时态、主谓语一致、虚拟语气等内容，为方便考生对语法知识的复习，现将考试重点涉及内容总结如下：语法部分I 冠词A冠词是一种虚词，用在名词前面，说明名词是特指还是泛指。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词。a, an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。B例题讲解1）We usually say autumn is the busiest season of the year.A. aB. anC. theD. 2）The students in my class of

2、ten play basketball after lunch. A. the, theB. a, theC. , D. , theII形容词和副词的比较级与最高级例题讲解1）Your box is mine.A. four times as big as B. four times as bigger asC. as four times bigD. as big as four times2） the temperature, water turns into steam.A. The high, the fastB. Higher, fasterC. The more higher, t

3、he fasterD. The higher, the fasterIII动词的基本时态所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虚拟语气完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing/v 时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时 所有的过去用

4、 一般现在时表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成A. 知识要点1一般现在时态形式为do 或does （第三人称单数）。通常表示客观事实或真理；或表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g. The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。He always goes to school by bike.他总是骑车去上学。（特别提醒： 一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。）e.g. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. 下次来之前请一定给我来电话。2一般过去时态形

5、式为did. 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与过去特定的时间状语连用；或表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作，可与表示频度的时间副词连用。e.g. I bought this computer five years ago.He often took a walk after supper when he was alive.3一般将来时态形式为will / shall do 或 be going to do. 表示在未来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 e.g. The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.电话在响，我去接。4现在

6、进行时态 形式为is/am/are+ doing，表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. The police are looking for the two missing children.警察们正在寻找两个丢失的孩子。5过去进行时态 形式为 was/were + doing，表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。e.g. Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.6现在完成时态形式为have / has done，常与already，never，ever, yet连用。用来表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作。e.g. The m

7、ilk has already become undrinkable 牛奶已经不能喝了。或者表示过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。e.g. He has lived here since 1949.自从1949年以来，他一直住在这儿。7过去完成时形式为had done. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。e.g. By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上学期末我们已经学了1000个英语单词。B例题讲解1）Ever since the Smiths moved to t

8、he suburbs a year ago they _better health. A. could have enjoyedB. had enjoyedC. have been enjoyingD. are enjoying2）Her sun-tanned face suggested that she in excellent health. A. beB. isC. wasD. were4）Great changes in our institute in the last few years. A. have taken place B. has taken placeC. took

9、 place D. had taken place5）I wont be able to attend the meeting tonight because . A. I must teach a class B. I teach a classC. I will be teaching a class D. I will have been teaching a classIV非谓语动词在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词；有一般时、进行时和完成时三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。一不定式：一）不定式

10、的常考形式：1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-

11、将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我

12、见他正干活这个动作）v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词： The cake tastes good. It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have make let 等词后不定式要省略但变被动以后要还原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help： help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，pro

13、mise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do warn sb to do be more likely to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do start to do love to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; in

14、addition to; look forward to; object to; be used to; be similarity/similar to.六) need 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging.= He needs to be encouraged. 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 Seeing is believing.2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 Making a choice is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I re

15、gret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语, 谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中, 只有动名词可作介词宾语 3)动名词的否定：直接在其前加否定词, 通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I regret not having taken your advice.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling

16、（Key：C your calling 也对）4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; delay; deny; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; keep; mention; mind; miss; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent;

17、resist; risk; suggest; understand; it means; it involves. 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5）有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意

18、义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 T

19、ry practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：I prefer to wait here. （我宁愿在这里等。所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里

20、面就不能用不定式了。） 3 分词：现在分词表主动进行,过去分词表被动完成现在分词的形式:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3) 完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2) 过去分词的进行

21、形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以带逻辑主语构成复合结构，It is necessary for us to study chemistry. I appreciate your coming to help. He stood there, (with) his hand raised. （独立主格结构）非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作

22、时，他是一名先进工人。 Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看，我们学校显得更美丽了。 The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. = The boy lay on the grass and his eyes were looking at the sky. B例题讲解1

23、） a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 2）If I had remembered the window, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed3）I dont know why she avoids her opinion on

24、 the subject. A. to give B. to be given C. giving D. being given4）Air pollution , this city is still a good place to live in. A. being greatly reduced B. greatly being reducedC. to greatly reduce D. greatly to reduce5）Jean, did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for

25、 her examination. A. to prepareB. to be preparedC. preparing D. being prepared （五）动词的语态A动词的语态表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态的形式：be+过去分词；通常当不知道或不必知道动作的执行者时；当强调动作的承受者时；或者当不愿意说出动作的执行者时用被动语态。e.g. Such stories are published for children. The TV was turned on and everybody sa

26、t there, watching it. 过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall be givenshould/would be given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been givenB例题讲解If the building project by the end of this month is delayed

27、, the construction company will be fined. A. being completed B. is completedC. to be completed D. completed （六）从句从句可分为： 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性从句定语从句 副词性从句状语从句v 常考的关系代/副词： 关系代词/副词先行词在从句中的作用who指人作主语whom指人作宾语（可略）whose指人或物作定语that指人或物作主语/宾语which指物作主语/宾语when=in/at/on +which表示时间的名词作时间状语where=in/on

28、/at +which表示地点的名词作地点状语Why（=for + which）reason作原因状语v 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding v 常用的引导词o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner th

29、an; hardly when; scarcely/barely when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地点状语从句：where; wherevero 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact thato 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; o

30、比较状语从句：as; than; as as; not so as; hardly than;o 结果状语从句：so that; so that; such that; so as too 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); in spite of the fa

31、ct that; granted that; regardless of the fact thato 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in caseA知识要点：1名词从句（1）在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句，可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词（which, what, why, how等）以及连接词（whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等）引导。e.g. That she doesnt under

32、stand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。（主从）I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。（宾从）The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。（表从）The fact that Ann was late didnt surprise me. 安迟到的事实我不足为奇。（同位语从句）常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, , opinion, problem, though

33、t, understanding（2）由whether / if 引导的名词性从句：whether / if表示“是否”的意思。e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而言不重要。（主语从句）I dont know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。（宾语从句） （3）由疑问词引导的名词性从句：疑问词引导名词性从句时，在从句中担任语法成分，而且常保留其本身的含义。e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们

34、为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。（主从） She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释他怎样才能启动这汽车。（宾从） The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。（表从）2定语从句（1）在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。 e.g. He is the person who / that is going to give a concert on the century square. 先行词 关联词他是那个要在世纪广场上举行音乐会的人。 （2）关联词在定语从句中充当一定成分， 关系代词

35、：常见的有which, that, who, whom, whose。 who 作主语：指人：who, whom whom 作宾语指物：which 作主语或宾语 that 作主语或宾语指人或物：that, whosewhose 作定语e.g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。（作主语） The engineers (whom / that) we met yesterday have worked out a new machine. 我

36、们昨天碰到的那些工程设计出了一种新的机器。（作宾语） It is a problem which needs very careful consideration. 这是一个需要非常认真考虑的问题。（作主语） Madame Curie is a great scientist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位全世界闻名的伟大科学家。（作定语） 关系副词：常见的有when, where, why等。分别作时间、地点、原因状语。e.g. We can never forget the day when Hong Kong returne

37、d to out homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。（作时间状语） The building where you used to live has been pulled down. 你过去曾住过的那栋大厦已经被拆除了。（作地点状语） We know the reason why he was very angry. 我们知道他为什么非常生气。（作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason）3状语从句用作状语的从句称为状语从句。它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词，从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。状语从句的连接副词有很多，比如：when（当时候）while（当时候）

38、, as（正当时）, every time（每当）, before（在以前）, since（自以来）, until / till（直到）, hardly when（刚就），because （因为）, as（在.时候；像一样；因为）, since（既然，自从），if（如果）, though（虽然） e.g.（1）When she woke up, she found everybody had gone. 她醒来时，她发现大家都走了。 （2）Dont try to get on the train until / till it stops.等火车停下来再上车。（3）Wherever I go,

39、 I will bring a umbrella with me. 我不管到哪，都会带上一把伞。 （4）He was worried because he hadnt had any letter form his child. 他很着急，因为他一直没有收到他孩子的信。 （5）Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. 我马上给他挂电话以便他别等我了。 （6）If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. 如果明天天气晴，我们就到乡下去。 （7）Alt

40、hough he is little, he is strong. 他人虽小，但他很壮。 （8）I admire and respect you more than everybody else (did). 我比其他的人都更钦佩和尊敬您。B例题讲解1）Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women. A. thatB. whatC. whichD. whose 2） is no reason for dism

41、issing him. A. Because he was a few minutes lateB. Owing to a few minutes being lateC. The fact that he was a few minutes lateD. being a few minutes late3）He studied hard in his youth, contributed to his great success in later life. A. thatB. itC. what D. which4）I am very grateful to you for what yo

42、uve given me and you have done for me. A. whichB. thatC. all whatD. all that 5） we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents. A. WhoeverB. WhateverC. HoweverD. Whichever解析： “Whatever we have achieved无论我们成就了什么构成一个主语从句, “whoever”（无论谁），表人，不能用, “however”（无论怎样）是副词，不能用, “whichever”（无论哪一几个）6）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. sinceB. beforeC. after D. when