语法资料非谓语动词

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1、非谓语/非限定动词所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征。它不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。近年来的专业四级英语试题对非谓语动词的用法特别青睐，频频对其进行考查。不定式 时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done完成式 to have doneto have been done动名词 时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done分词 时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式havi

2、ng donehaving been done / done 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词动词不定式：一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。如： attempt企图，afford负担得起（重点词），demand要求，long渴望，destine注定，mean意欲，打算，expect期望，appear似乎，显得，determine决定，manage设法，pretend假装，agree同意，desire愿望，swear宣誓，volunteer志愿，wish希望，endeavor努力，offer提供，beg

3、请求，fail不能，plan计划，prefer喜欢，宁愿，happen碰巧，prepare准备，decide决定，learn学习，regret抱歉，遗憾，hesitate犹豫，claim要求，promise承诺，允许，undertake承担，consent同意，赞同，intend想要，refuse拒绝，incline有倾向，propose提议。例如：I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度访问此地。I hesitate to spend so much money on the clothes. 我对要花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。My parents ha

4、ve consented to buy me a new electronic dictionary. 我父母同意给我买个新的电子词典了。* 注意不定式的完成与进行时态及被动用法：例如：He pretended to be waiting for someone. 他假装着正等人。She was said to have been rich. 据说她曾经富有过。The building was reported to have been constructed. 据报道这座大楼已经建造好了。二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：1 感官动词后面：feel, listen, he

5、ar , see, watch, observeI saw a man enter the shop. 试比较：I saw him singing when I passed by.2 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, makeThe teacher has/makes/lets us write a composition every week.上述感觉动词或使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to，如： The boy was made to go to bed early.3 一些情态动词：had better, would rather do A than do

6、 B（宁可而不愿）, may as well（最好），can not（help）but（不得不）等句型，后接省to不定式。He cannot (help) but agree with his daughter. 他不得不同意他女儿。We might as well put up here for tonight. 我们最好还是在这里过夜。4 主语从句及介词but, except, besides+to do(do)，如从句里或介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to surrend

7、er. 敌军没有选择只好投降。On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. What I have to do is take a rest.三：有些动词后一般跟 “疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discuss, explain , know, show, teach, understand, wonder, ask, find out等。 I asked him whether to leave or to stay. 我问他要离开还是呆在这。（此句中的whether不可用if替换） Please tel

8、l me how to answer the question.四：不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。 (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的。动名词：一 直接接动名词做宾语的动词。acknowledge承认，cease 停止，mention说到，admit承认，tolerate忍受，dislike不喜欢，advocat

9、e提倡，complete完成， appreciate感激，confess坦白，endure忍受，avoid避免， enjoy喜爱，bear忍受，envy嫉妒，delay延迟，escape逃跑，cant stand受不了，deny否认，excuse借口，consider考虑，fancy幻想，favor偏爱，mind介意，miss错过，resent怨恨，finish完成，pardon原谅，resist抵抗，forgive原谅，permit允许，imagine设想，postpone延迟，risk冒险，practise实践，suggest建议，hate讨厌，prevent阻止，quit放弃，recal

10、l回想I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。Forbid smoking. 禁止吸烟。He dislikes being interrupted in his speech. 他不喜欢讲话的时候被打岔。We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。The boy admitted stealing the book. 这个男孩承认偷了这本书。二 在

11、下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use(no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词) + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。It is good playing chess after supper晚

12、饭后弈棋挺好。It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。There is no use crying over spilt milk牛奶洒了，哭也无用。三 在need, require, want, worth (形容词)等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了。This problem req

13、uires studying with great care这个问题需要仔细研究。Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。四 下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。 （注意：专业四级英语考试对to的考点主要是介词，而非不定式原形） look forward to（渴望），take to（渐渐喜欢）, get down to（着手干）, be opposed to（反对），live up to, be devoted to（致力于）Nurses are devoted to caring the sick. 护士致力于病人的护理事业。We are looking f

14、orward to seeing you again 我盼着再见到你。get down to ones work 静下心来工作五 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：1）forget to do 忘记要做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事(已做) 4)

15、regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） 8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） propose doing建议（做某事） Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave to

16、morrow你可要记着是明天动身。 I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过) I regret to tell you that you failed the test. 我很遗憾要告诉你，你这次测试没有通过。You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。 Lets try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。 Jumping from j

17、ob to job means losing some benefit. 跳槽意味着要损失利益。分词：一 分词作定语 1 现在分词作定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词，表示一个主动或与谓语动词同时发生的动作，相当于一个主动的定语从句。2 过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语也是所修饰的名词或代词，表示一个被动或完成（发生在谓语动词前）的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。（试比较：He rushed into the house which was burning.） The child standing over

18、there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。 Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那块修好的表了吗? （试比较：Have you got your watch which had been repaired?） Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices. 通过计算机采购的日常品价格比商店的价格要低。二 分词作状语分词和分词短

19、语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句。 Having finished their homework, they went to the library. (=After they had finished their homework) 完成作业后，他们去了图书馆。(表时间)Heated，ice will be changed into water. (=When ice is heated.) 冰一旦加热，它就会变成水。(表条件、时间)Influenced by his ideas, she joine

20、d the revolution too. (=because she was influenced by his ideas, .) 由于受他思想的影响，她也参加了革命。(表原因)Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this.)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。(表让步) United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= if we are united, we stand. If we are divided, we fall) 团结则存，分裂则

21、亡。（表条件）注意：1) 分词作状语与主语的关系。分词作状语时重点应判断出分词的逻辑主语以及逻辑主语与分词之间的逻辑关系，若二者之间为被动关系,即逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者,则用过去分词；若二者是主动关系，即逻辑主语是分词动词的执行者，则用现在分词。 She went out，shutting the door behind him. 她出去后将门随手关上。Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. 建于1636年，哈佛大学是美国最著名的大学之一。Admitting

22、your mistake, you can be pardoned. 只要你承认错误，你就会被宽恕。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 2) When, while, once, if, unless, though等连词可以直接引导分词做状语。（但as没有此用法） Be careful when crossing the street. 过街时要小心。While walking along the street, he saw her. 在街上散步时，他看到了她。If falling

23、ill, Ill see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。3) 分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。例如：Time permitting, you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzho

24、u.如果时间允许的话,你们可以参观一下杭州的一些名胜古迹。 Weather permitting, well be holding a football match tomorrow. 明天如果天气允许的话，我们将举行一场足球赛。He sat there silently, his head bending. 他坐在那里一言不发，低着头。（独立主格结构）The problem having been solved, the engineer returned to his own factory. 问题一解决，工程师回到了工厂。（独立主格结构）All the money having been wasted, we started looking for work. 所有的钱都花光了，我们开始找活干。（独立主格结构） 有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the candle burning.他蜡烛未熄就睡着了。（表示伴随）With Tom gone, I can work better. 汤姆走了，我能更好地工作。（表示条件）