语言学练习第二章

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1、Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants : voiceless bilabial stop voiced bilabial stop voiceless alveolar stop voiced alveolar stop voiceless velar stop voiced velar stop bilabial nasal alveolar nasal velar nasal voiceless postalveolar affricate voiced postalveolar affricate a

2、lveolar lateral voiceless labioldental fricative voiced labioldental fricative voiceless dental fricative voiced dental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative voiced alveolar fricative voiced alveolar trill voiceless post-alveolar fricative voiced post-alveolar fricative glottal fricative bilabial a

3、pproximant palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. A _ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2A _ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they

4、differ. 3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds. 4 Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 5English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation

5、or in terms of p_ of articulation. 6When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. 7S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

6、 They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 8The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_ rules. 9The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacrit

7、ics is called n_ transcription. 10When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. 11P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to e

8、ffect linguistic communication. 12The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity. 13T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can disting

9、uish meaning just like phonemes. 14Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. 15The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive

10、 features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features 17. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive v

11、alue.It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phoneB. sound C. allophoneD. phoneme 18The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phonesB. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones 19 Of all the spe

12、ech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 20The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voicelessB. voiced C. vowelD. consonantal 21_ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 22 The assimilation rule assimilates one

13、 sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identicalB. same C. exactly alike D. similar Choose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as _when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonation B.tone C. pronunciation D.voice2. Conventiona

14、lly a _is put in slashes.A.allophone B.phone C. phoneme D.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _ of the p phoneme.A.analogues B.tagmemes C. morpheme D.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pairs B. alloorphs C. phones D.allophones5. Wh

15、ich branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds. A. acoustic phonetics B.articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? A. z B. w C. D.v7. which one is different from the others according

16、to places of articulation? A. n B. m C. b D.p8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. i B. u C. e D.i:9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. voiceless B. voiced C. glottal stop D.consonant10. which consonant represents

17、 the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative? A. f B. v C. z D.sTrue or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound p in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental ph

18、onology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they o

19、ccur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation.6. p is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucle

20、us but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted

21、 by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone 4. acoustic phonetics5. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation 7. phonetics8.auditory phonetics 9.phone 10tone11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustr

22、ation if necessary: 1.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 2.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels? 3.What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学4.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 5.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?