非谓语动词important

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1、2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词第三章 非谓语动词不定式动名词分词 主2（being）+adj/adv./prep./n.,主1+句子 主2 done/doing/having done/having been done,主1+句子2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词第一节 动词不定式 主动语态被动语态一般式to drinkto be drunk进行式To be drinking 完成式to have drunkTo have been drunk完成进行式to have been drinking 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词一、不定式的功能一、不定式的功能 1.1 不定式作主语

2、不定式作主语 To err is human，to forgive divine.It has been his dream to travel around the world.It takes me two hours to get to school.It is beyond my ability to finish reading this book within 5 days It is hard for me to accept the truth.It was stupid of Jack to talk back to his teacher.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动

3、词注意：注意：1.当句中的表语为动态形容词，即描写人或物当句中的表语为动态形容词，即描写人或物的特征或品德的形容词时，通常使用的特征或品德的形容词时，通常使用“It is+形容词形容词+of sb.+不定式不定式”句型。常用的这类句型。常用的这类形容词有：形容词有：absurd,bold,brave,busy,careful,careless,clever,considerate,coward,cruel,foolish,friendly,generous,good,honest,kind,lazy,nice,noisy,polite,rude,reasonable,selfish,shy,s

4、illy,stupid,thoughtful,wicked等等。例如例如：It was clever of him to find the way here.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2.当句中的表语为静态形容词，当句中的表语为静态形容词，即描写即描写人或物的静态特征的形容词时，通常用人或物的静态特征的形容词时，通常用“It is+形容词形容词+for sb.+不定式不定式”句型句型,常用的此类形容词有：常用的此类形容词有：easy,difficult,important,hard,necessary,essential,impossible,dangerous,common,unu

5、sual,big,small,tall,long,short,wide,old,young,beautiful 等，这类形容词的等，这类形容词的特点是表示特点是表示“客观情况客观情况”2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.2 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 1.2.1 能跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：ache（渴望）,afford,agree,aim,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,continue,decide,decline,demand,deserve,desire,determine,endeavor

6、,expect,fail,forget,grow,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,long,manage,mean,need,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,prove,reckon,refuse,scorn,seek,strive,swear,threaten,try,undertake,venture,volunteer,vote,vow,wait,want.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.2.2不定式作介词宾语时，主要用于作介词except 和bu

7、t 的宾语 The old mans son did nothing but play games.Her husband can do nothing except cook.He wanted nothing but to stay there.注意：如果句中的注意：如果句中的except或或but 之前有实义动词动词之前有实义动词动词do的限定形式或非限定形式，其宾语为不带的限定形式或非限定形式，其宾语为不带to的不定式，的不定式，否则，其宾语为带否则，其宾语为带to的不定式。的不定式。Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans

8、 bed.He must have done nothing but drink.(1989年考研题)2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.3不定式作表语不定式作表语This hedge is to prevent rabbits from getting into the yard.1.4不定式作状语不定式作状语 不定式作状语可表示目的、结果、原因等。The students stopped to listen to the teacher.(目的)He rushed to the classroom only to find nobody there.(结果)I am happy to

9、hear from you.(原因)常用句型：in order(not)to；so as(not)to 以便；so(such)as to；be so kind(good)as to；be kind(good)enough to；tooto；(not)enough to2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.5 不定式作定语作定语 1.5.1.the first/the last/the best to do（其中动词不定式做（其中动词不定式做定语）定语）I was the first woman to travel alone to the North PoleYang Liwei was t

10、he first Chinese astronaut(宇航员）to travel in a spaceship around the earth in outer space.1.5.2.不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词I have many things to do.This is the device to help you out.有些名词后面经常跟不定式作宾语：如：time,reason,chance,right,ability,willingness,need,anxiety,wish,plan.Women have the right to receive education.2008

11、.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.6不定式作补足语不定式作补足语 He wants you to wait here.在feel,have,hear,let,listen to,look at,make,notice,observe,see,watch等使役动词及感官动词动词后，复合宾语中动词不定式的标记to 通常被省略。I have heard both teachers and students speak well of him.(1999年6月大学英语四级题)The children were surprised when the teacher had them close their

12、 books unexpectedly.(1990年考研题)2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.7 不定式作独立成分不定式作独立成分,表明说话人的观点表明说话人的观点 to be brief 简言之简言之 to be exact 确切地说确切地说 to be sure 肯定地说肯定地说 to conclude 最后最后 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说长话短说 to make matters worse 更糟的是更糟的是to return(to my subject)言归正传言归正传 to

13、say the least(of it)起码起码to sum up 概括地说概括地说to tell you the truth 说实话说实话strange to say 说来也怪说来也怪 to be frank 坦率地说坦率地说 to begin with 首先首先To tell the truth,you made me disappointed.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.If the building project_ by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined.（200

14、1年6月大学英语四级题单选48题）A)being completed B)is completed C)to be completed D)completed 2.With the development in science and technology,man can make various flowers _ before their time.(2001年6月大学英语四级题单选36题)A)be bloomed B)bloom C)bloomed D)blooming 第三章 非谓语动词3.The professor could hardly find sufficient groun

15、ds _ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000年6月大学英语四级题单选36题)A)to be based on B)to base on C)which to base on D)on which to base.4.The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic,but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.(1997年6月大学英语四级题单选47题)A)to compete B)competing C)to be compe

16、ted D)having competed 5.The mother did not know who _ for the broken glass.(2002年1月大学英语四级题单选64题)A)blamed B)be blamed C)to blame D)would blame 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词6.As a public relations officer,he is said _ some very influential people.(2001年6月四级题单选34题)A)have been knowing B)to be knowing C)to have kno

17、wn D)to know 7.The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.(2001年1月大学英语四级题单选63题)A)robbed B)to have been robbed C)being robbed D)having been robbed 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词8.The project,_ by the end of 2013,will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999

18、年6月大学英语四级题单选68题)A)accomplished B)being accomplished C)to be accomplished D)having been accomplished 9.I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him.(1999年6月大学英语四级题单选46题)to speak B)spoken C)to have spoken D)speak 10.They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office.(1998年1

19、月大学英语四级题单选44题)A)install B)to install C)to be installed D)installed 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词动名词 一.动名词的基本形式 语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成时having donehaving been done2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词二.动名词的句法功能1.作主语Walking around in a city is rather tiring.1.1 在一些结构里，需用it 作形式主语，把用作实际主语的动名词置后，可避免动名词结构太长造成头重脚轻。构成形式为：构成形式为：

20、Its+形容词形容词/名词名词+动名词动名词Its no good complaining about the bad service to the hotel.Its no use crying over the spilt milk.1.2“there+be+no+动名词动名词”的结构的结构 There is no saying when this war will come to an end.There is no denying the fact that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.2008.9.2

21、0第三章 非谓语动词2.作表语The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund 动名词与动词不定式作表语的区别动名词与动词不定式作表语的区别动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为；不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作。Our work is serving the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.作宾语3.1 动名词作动词宾语动名词作动词宾语 admit avoid a

22、ppreciate consider delaydeny enjoy excuse escape finish imaginemiss mind pardon postpone practice mindrisk suggest cant help等后面经常用动名词Prof.Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.I cant stand getting up early.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.2 动名词作介词的宾语动名词作介词的宾语 3.

23、2.1 单一介词单一介词+动名词动名词 Upon completing his examination over the patient,the doctor offered his judgment of her condition.一般介词之后都可接动名词，只有少数介词后接不定式。一般介词之后都可接动名词，只有少数介词后接不定式。例如：例如：be about to do(正要去正要去)，except to do(除了除了),but to do(除了除了)，know better than to do(明事理而不至于明事理而不至于)She knows better than to smoke

24、 a cigarette in his presence.她很懂得不当他的面吸烟。她很懂得不当他的面吸烟。2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.2.2 动名词和介词词组一起使用动名词和介词词组一起使用He will persist in riding that dreadful bicycle.I object to being jumped upon for trivial matter like this.She could hardly restrain herself from shouting aloud.FBI suspected this person of giving fa

25、lse information.Jackie Chen was confident of drawing large audience with the show of his film Im sick of waiting around like this.We feel the great honor of fighting for our country.The American government has realized the importance of maintaining good relations with China.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词4.作定语a

26、teaching method教学方法a walking stick拐杖a diving board跳水板注意：区别动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的注意：区别动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的最有效办法是借助介词最有效办法是借助介词for，例如：，例如：The swimming pool is not swimming,it is a pool for swimming in.running water=water that is running(running 是现在分词)drinking water=water used for drinking(drinking是动名词)2008.9.20第三

27、章 非谓语动词二.动名词的复合结构动名词可以在它前面加物主代词或名词所有格物主代词或名词所有格作它的逻辑主语。这也被称为动名词的复合结构。The boys being educated in foreign countries was what his parents wished.注意：注意：1)可以用宾格人称代词代替物主代词，但在句首时一般可以用宾格人称代词代替物主代词，但在句首时一般不可。不可。You should keep secret about us calling.2)在现代英语中，动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语可用所在现代英语中，动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语可用所有格形式，也可用通格

28、形式。有格形式，也可用通格形式。I enjoy Lucy/Lucys/her playing the piano.3)当逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用通格形式当逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用通格形式。He is opposed to the idea of money being everywhere.4)指示代词或不定代词指示代词或不定代词(this,that,someone,somebody,none,anybody,anyone,etc.)作逻辑主语时，一般用通作逻辑主语时，一般用通格。格。My boss cant stand anybody being late for meeting.2

29、008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词三.动名词的时态和语态3.1 动名词的完成式动名词的完成式动名词的完成式一般用来表述在主句动作发生之前完成的动作:Mike seems worried about his having omitted a number of questions.迈克担心自己忽略了一些问题。3.2 动名词的被动式动名词的被动式 Being carried on his fathers shoulders made it possible for little Ben to see the parade.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.3 动名词的完成被动式动名词的完成被

30、动式 动名词的完成被动式表示一个被动的动名词动作先于主句动作发生 The child told us about having been taught two languages at the same time.3.4 动名词的否定式动名词的否定式 动名词的否定式由否定副词not,never等加动名词构成。其构成形式如下：not+动名动名词词Excuse me for not helping you.Jane does not want to make friends with Tom for his never achieving anything.注意：如果有物主代词或者名词所有格作动词

31、的逻辑主注意：如果有物主代词或者名词所有格作动词的逻辑主语时，否定副词要放在逻辑主语后。语时，否定副词要放在逻辑主语后。His not having enough money prevented him from coming here.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词练习改错改错1.Unfortunately,we missed him speaking about Early Man.2.Mary was having trouble to control the children because there were so many of them.3.Neither rain no

32、r snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.4.Tom was beginning writing his letter.5.Suddenly she began realizing what her parents said was right.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词6.The young man could not stand laughing at like that.7.The defendant didnt recall inf

33、orming of his rights.8.The dean intends to forbid the students smoke in class.9.Emily,my cousin,had a wonderful time last summer to go to the Broadway shows.10.“Didnt the parliament turn down Stephens proposal?”“Yes.Now he regrets to submit it.”2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词分词一.现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和

34、时间上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行。过去分词表示已经完成。developing countries发展中国家 developed countries发达国家 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子fallen leaves落叶 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词现在分词一.现在分词的用法现在分词可起副词和形容词的作用，作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语等。具有时态，语态变化。1.1 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语 This is really an exhausting day to all of us!（前置定语）Th

35、e young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.（后置定语）2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.2现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 a.表示时间 Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.b.表示原因 Not having obtained enough credits,he failed to get a bachelor degree.c.表示条件 Using what you know of word stems and word formations,you

36、can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.d.表示让步 Hearing all my explanation,the police officer still gave me a parking ticket.e.表示结果 He died in a traffic accident,leaving his wife with four little children f.表示方式或伴随情况 The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking 2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词

37、1.3 现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语 现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance 等感官动词和 look at,listen to 等短语动词，以及 have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补足语的成分。The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.We should not leave him wondering

38、what he should do.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.4 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语现在分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，大多翻译成“令人”，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，大多翻译成“感到”，主语多为人。The film“Pearl Harbor”is exciting.I am excited about it.His response to the question was quite disappointing.I felt disappointed at his response.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词二现在分词

39、的时态与语态二现在分词的时态与语态 2.1如果现在分词短语中的动作行为是主动的，并且和主如果现在分词短语中的动作行为是主动的，并且和主句动作行为同时发生，使用现在分词一般式：句动作行为同时发生，使用现在分词一般式：ingWhile Grandpa Robin was softly singing a Russian folk song,he carried the child to bed.Softly singing a Russian folk song,Grandpa Robin carried the child to bed.2.2 如果现在分词短语的动作是主动的，而且在主句动作如果

40、现在分词短语的动作是主动的，而且在主句动作之前完成，使用现在分词的完成式之前完成，使用现在分词的完成式:having doneAfter Raissa has resigned from the police office,Raissa was persuaded to enroll in a real estate training class.（辞职的动作发生在被说服去报名之前）After having resigned from the police office,Raissa was persuaded to enroll in a real estate training class

41、.Or:Having resigned from the police office,Raissa was persuaded to enroll in a real estate training class.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2.3 如果现在分词短语中的动作行为是被动的，并且和如果现在分词短语中的动作行为是被动的，并且和主句动作行为同时发生，使用现在分词一般式的被动主句动作行为同时发生，使用现在分词一般式的被动式式:being doneBeing surrounded,the enemy troops were forced to surrender.2.4如果现在分词短

42、语中的动作是被动的，而且通常早于如果现在分词短语中的动作是被动的，而且通常早于主句动作，使用完成被动式：主句动作，使用完成被动式：having been doneGeorge,who was chosen by the student council to give the graduation speech,is considering the subject of space exploration.George,having been chosen by the student council to give the graduation speech,is considering th

43、e subject of space exploration.注意注意:having been可以省略，句子意思不变。可以省略，句子意思不变。George,chosen by the student council to give the graduation speech,is considering the subject of space exploration.Having been held yesterday,the meeting left us deep impression.The meeting held yesterday left us deep impression.

44、The meeting being held now is quite important.The meeting to be held will be very important.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词练习改错改错1.This modern treatment will cure leprosy in 6 to 12 months,depend on the form of the disease.(2005年1月大学英语六级改错)2.Culture refers to the social heritage of a peoplethe learned patterns f

45、or thinking,feeling and acting that characterize a population or society,include the expression of these patterns in material things.(2004年6月大学英语六级改错)3.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man was Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in the 15th c

46、entury.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词4.Amounts of scientific experiments are generally correct,for those write about science are careful in checking the accuracy of their reports.5.Ever since then,forecasters have being warning that worldwide famine was just around the next corner.(2004年1月大学英语六级改错)6.Consider th

47、e great need for improving many aspects of the global environment,one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resource that are poured into the space exploration efforts.（2000年1月大学英语六级改错）7.A new technique having been worked out,the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.2008.9.20第三章

48、非谓语动词过去分词一.过去分词在句中的作用1.作定语1）前置定语the excited people the qualified teachers2）后置定语(相当于定语从句)Is there anything planned for tomorrow?The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2.作表语If you get very exhausted,only a tremendous sense of purpose can sustain you.3.作宾补He

49、heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.4.作状语 表时间表时间 Accepted by the Party,he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party 表原因表原因 Deeply moved by the story,the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.表条件表条件 Given another chance,he will do better.表让步表让步 Exhausted by the running,they we

50、nt on running after the robber.表方式或伴随情况表方式或伴随情况 The old man went into the room,supported by his wife.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词1.5谓语中的过去分词表被动谓语中的过去分词表被动 在广告、通知、标题等文体中，为了行文简洁明了，谓语中也常常单独采用过去分词表示被动意义。例如：Turners wanted!ALL GOODS GREATLY REDUCED!Trade agreements broken.2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词Exercises单 选1.On his retu

51、rn from his college,he found the house_.A)deserting B)deserted C)desert D)to be deserted2._ under a microscope，a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.A)Seen B)Sees C)Seeing D)To see2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.Encouraged by his mother，_.A)art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent B)Flore

52、nce was where John Singer Sargent studied artC)the study of art in Florence by John Singer SargentD)John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.4._by the decision，the lawyer quickly left the court room.A)Angering B)Having angered C)Being angry D)Angered2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词5.Written in great haste,_.A)

53、Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report B)there are plenty of errors in the report C)we found several mistakes in his report D)the book is full of errors.6._ was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later，in 1834.A)Settling Brooklyn，the Dutch B)The Dutch settled Brooklyn C)Brooklyn

54、 was settled by the Dutch D)Settled by the Dutch，Brooklyn2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词7._ in all parts of the state，pines are the most common trees in Georgia.A)Found B)Finding them C)To find them D)They are found改 错1.Guiding by a belief that computers Awould be valuable tools on every office Bdesktop and in e

55、very home,Bill Gates began developing software for C personal computers.D2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2.Never lost faith in himself,the Ascientist was determined to carry on B C with the research,no matter what others said.D2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词3.Having worn out after a long walk,A BHelen called

56、 and said that she Ccouldnt come to the party.D2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词4.Most of the students,surprising at A B the way the question was put,C didnt know how to answer it.D2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词5.So far,several cases of a A disease,knowing as bird flu,B are reported to have been found in C Dthe country.综合练习综合

57、练习2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词选择选择1.There is more land in Australia than the government knows _.（1989年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)what to do with B)how to do C)to do with it D)to do it2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词2.“A Dream of the Red Chamber”is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decade.（1989年1月大学英语四级题单选题）

58、A)to have been translated B)to translateC)to be translated D)to have translated3.Mrs.Brown is supposed _ for Italy last week.（1990年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)to have left B)to be leavingC)to leave D)to have been left2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词4.He moved away from his parents,and missed them _enjoy the exciting life in N

59、ew York.（1991年6月大学英语四级题单选题）A)too much to B)enough to C)very much to D)much so as to 5._ a teacher in a university,it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.（1995年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)To become B)Become C)One becomes D)On becoming2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词6.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice

60、 but _ the police.（1996年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)called in B)calling in C)call in D)to call in7.Id rather read than watch television;the programs seem _ all the time.（1997年1月四级题单选题.）A)to get worse B)to be getting worseC)to have got worse D)getting worse2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词8.They would sooner _ for a drink.A)goi

61、ng B)be go C)to go D)go9.Its no use _ me not to worry.（1989年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)you tell B)your telling C)for you to have told D)having told10._ such a good chance,he planned to learn more.A)To be given B)Having been givenC)Having given D)Giving2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词11.John regretted _ to the meeting last we

62、ek.（1990年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)not going B)not to goC)not having been D)not to be going12.The teacher doesnt permit _ in class.（1991年6月大学英语四级题单选题）A)smoke B)to smoke C)smoking D)to have a smoke13.I appreciate _ to your home.（1991年6月大学英语四级题单选题）A)to be invited B)to have invitedC)having invited D)being invited

63、2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词14.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A)not to B)not to do C)not do it D)do not to15.The factory _ next year will be one of the largest in this city.A)to build B)to be built C)being built D)having been built16.Some passengers are reading the

64、morning paper,others are talking with one another,_ nervously for the train.A)to wait B)are waiting C)waiting D)being waited2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词17.Sometimes children have trouble _ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.（2002年1月大学英语四级题单选题）A)to separate B)separating C)for sep

65、arating D)of separating18._ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.A)To have reviewed B)Having reviewed C)Reviewing D)Being reviewed2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词19.Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when _ alone.（2002年1月大

66、学英语四级题单选题61）A)seen B)is seen C)to be seen D)having been seen20._in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships totaling$21,000.（2001年1月大学英语四级题单选题46）A)Judged the best B)Judging the best C)To be judged the best D)Having judged the best2008.9.20第三章 非谓语动词21.You will see this product _ wherever you go.A)to be advertised B)advertised C)advertise D)advertising22.All things _,the planned trip have to be called off.（1998年6月大学英语四级题单选题）A)considered B)be considered C)considerin