过去分词及规则不规则变法

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1、语法I 过去分词过去分词作为表语The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 intere

2、st, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 过去分词作为定语作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditio

3、ns. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人

4、的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关. The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视. 过去分词作为状语1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: l

5、ost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个

6、小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.) (2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表被看,由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是我们,因为我们应主动看城市.) 【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构. (1) The signal given, the bus st

7、arted. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. (1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去

8、分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成连词+过去分词结构作状语. When given a medical examination, you shou

9、ld keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. 4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶. 过去分词作为宾语补足语(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, n

10、otice, think等. (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;) (2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found) 2. 表示致使意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. (2) He got his tooth pulled out

11、 yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如： (1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。 4. 表示爱憎意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如： (1) I wanted two tickets reserved.

12、我要预定两张机票。 (2) He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。 【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系. (二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历) with +宾语+过去分词的结构此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语. (1

13、) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注

14、视着他. (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.过去分词高考题集一、过去分词作定语 动词过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的，单个的分词作定语常常放在被修饰词的前面，而分词短语作定语时，通常置于被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。且分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 1Most of the artists _ to the party were from South AfricaMET90Ainvited Bto inviteCbeing invitedDhad been

15、 invited 【简析】句中的most of the artists与invited之间是被动关系，故应选用过去分词，相当于who were invited，答案为A。 2The computer centre，_ last year，is very popular among the students in this schoolNMET93 AopenBopeningChaving openedDopened 【简析】根据句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就开业了，表示完成的动作；而且open与the computer centre又存在被动关系，句意

16、为：去年开办的计算机中心在这所学校里受到学生们的欢迎。答案为D。 3The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th centuryNMET94 Ahaving writtenBto be writtenCbeing written Dwritten 【简析】根据语境，我们应选D，因为written既表示被动又表示完成的动作。A不能作后置定语，B是不定式的被动语态，表示将来的动作，C表示正在进行的动作，均不合题意。 4The Olympic Games，_ in 776 B

17、C，did not include women players until 1912NMET97 Afirst playing Bto be first playedCfirst playedDto be first playing 【简析】根据题意可知，the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示将来的动作，也应排除，故答案为C。它可还原成一个非限制性定语从句：which was first played in 776 BC。 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，它常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。作条件、原因、时间状语时，分词短语常位于句首

18、；作伴随、方式、结果状语时，分词短语常位于句末。5_ more attention，the trees could have grown betterMET90AGiven BTo giveCGiving DHaving given 【简析】句子主语the trees与give之间是被动关系，故答案选A，过去分词短语Given more attention作条件状语，放于句首。 6_ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of himNMET96ALosingBHaving lostCLost DTo lose 【简析】be lost i

19、n thought为固定搭配，意为“陷入沉思”，因此答案选C。过去分词短语 Lost in thought与句子主语he构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且在句中作原因状语。注意：过去分词作状语时，有时可以与一些连词连用，如：when, while, if, until, once等，这实际上是过去分词在省略句中的应用。 7The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change itNMET2002AbeginsBhaving begun Cbeginning Dbegun 【简析】答案为D。once begun在句中作条

20、件状语，它是状语从句once it is begun的省略形式，句意为：这项调查研究事先计划的如此完好，以致于一旦开始，什么也无法改变它。 8Generally speaking, _according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003上海) A. when takingB. when takenC. when to takeD. when to be taken 【简析】完整的说法应是when the drug is taken according to the directions,由于主句的主语和从句的主语相同，因

21、此可以省略从句的主语the drug和谓语的一部分is,答案为B。当然也可以省去when。 三、过去分词作表语 过去分词及过去分词短语作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系；而现在分词及其短语作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 9Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hourNMET98ApayBpayingCpaidDto pay 10As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friendsNMET2001AseparatedBsparedC

22、lostDmissed 【简析】第8题答案为C，过去分词paid作系动词get的表语，类似的用法还有：get married，get beaten，get excited，get caught in等。同样，第9题答案为A，句意为：当我们走进人群中时，我和朋友们分开了。 过去分词作表语时，应注意它和现在分词的区别：现在分词常常表示特征，意为“令人”，而过去分词则表示状态，意为“（某人）感到”。如： 11I used to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time，but now I am interesting in footballNMET97短文改错答案将

23、interesting改为interested。 四、过去分词作宾语补足语 过去分词作宾语补足语时，常见的句式有： 1使役动词或感官动词(have, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等)宾语过去分词。如： Yesterday I had my bicycle repaired The teacher spoke so slowly so that he could make himself understood On my way back home, I heard my name called 另外，have还有“遭受、遭遇”的意思。如： Yeste

24、rday she had her wallet stolen when she was doing shopping 12The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself _ MET91 Ahear Bto hearChearing Dheard 【简析】make oneself heard为固定结构，意为“使自己的声音被别人听到”，再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表达清楚”，故答案为D。 13-Good morningCan I help you？-Id like to have thi

25、s package _，madamMET89Abe weighed Bto be weighed Cto weigh Dweighed 【简析】have sthdone是固定结构，意为“让别人去做某事”或“让某事被别人完成”，该题表示“我想让别人称这个包裹”，因此答案为D，过去分词weighed作this package的宾语补足语。2某些动词（keep, leave, get, find）宾语过去分词。如： If I get further information, Ill keep you informed When I came into the classroom, I found i

26、t cleared 3介词with宾语过去分词。如： The child was crying with the glass broken With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch 14The murderer was brought in，with his hands _ behind his backMET90 Abeing tied Bhaving tiedCto be tied Dtied 【简析】在with复合结构中，hands与tie之间含有被动关系，因此首先排除B，另外此处tied不但表示被动，还可以

27、表示完成，因此A、C又可排除，故答案为D。 15The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next yearNMET2000 Acarry outBcarrying outCcarried out Dto carry out 【简析】该题句式结构较为复杂，首先，先行词the plan后跟一个由that引导的定语从句；在定语从句中，关系代词that替代the plan，又充当动词see的宾语，因此该空处于宾语补足语的位置；另外，the plan与carry out之间是动宾关系，故答案为C，构成see st

28、hdone结构。 五、过去分词作独立成分 16_ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operationNMET2000春季高考 AGiven BTo giveCGivingDHaving given 【简析】此题答案为A。此处given是介词，意为“假设，如果，考虑到”，句意为“鉴于他的健康状况，手术后康复还需要一段时间”。另外，given作为这一含义时，还可作连词，后接从句。It seemed bad-tempered to send him away，given that

29、he only wanted to take photographs 六、情感动词的分词用法 形容词化的分词一直备受高考的关注，尤其是表心理情感的动词用V-ing形式，还是用V-ed形式，历年都考，其用法请见下表： V-ing 作定语和表语，形式为 sth.+V-ingV-ing+n. 使令人感到.V-ed作定语和表语，形式为sb.+V-edV-ed+n. 某人感到. 注：1表示心理情感的动词在教材中多次出现。如 satisfy，please，move，delight，inspire，touch，disappoint，discourage，tire，frighten，excite，intere

30、st，surprise等都可以加上适当的分词形式来表示不同的意义。一般来说，V-ing形式有主动意义，是指事物影响到人；V-ed形式有被动意义，是指受了某事物的影响。如： excited children高兴的孩子们exciting news令人高兴的消息 2有时过去分词也可以修饰事物，特别是与人有关的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等时，要用V-ed形式。如：excited tears激动的泪水disappointed expression失望的神情 用括号中动词的适当形式填空： 1The story was so _ that nearly everybody was _ to tears（move

31、）2We are _ in the novel which is very _ （interest） 3I am _ about the resultI have never spent a more _ day（worry）4We were all _ out when we got to the top of the hillWe never thought the climb was so _ （tire） 5His kind words were very _ Though we had lost the match，we were _ and were determined to t

32、rain harder（encourage） 6There is a _ expression on his face and I am _ what to do（puzzle）7Ten years later，Mother and daughter met again，_ tears came into their eyes（excite）8Greatly _ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said “sorry”（touch） 9He was so _ at seeing a tiger that he stood stil

33、l（terrify） 10I am not _ with either of the two pictures（satisfy） 参考答案：1moving；moved 2interested；interesting 3worried；worrying 4tired；tiring 5encouraging；encouraged 6puzzled；puzzled 7excited 8touched 9terrified 10satisfied 分词专练 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1He told me about the things at the meeting

34、Ato discussBbeing discussedCdiscussedDbe discussed 2A metal uranium gives off a kind of radiation AcallingBcalledCis calledDwhich called 3The water in this glass is too hotI prefer some cold water Ato boilBhaving boiledCboiledDboiling 4The problem just is an important one Ato be referred toBreferred

35、 toCreferring toDreferred 5The story was so that all of us were to tears Amoving; moving Bmoved; moved Cmoved; moving Dmoving; moved6When I entered the theatre, I saw him in the first row Asit down Bsat Cseated Dseating 7I found my daughter quite in drawing AinterestedBinterestCinteresting Dto inter

36、est 8He had his leg in the football match yesterday Ato breakBbroken CbreakDbreaking 9If you have a book in front of your face, you can feel the air against your face Amoving Bmoved Cbe movedDto move 10With the job, they went to the cinema Adoing Bdo Cto do Ddone 11With the boy the way, the soldiers

37、 managed to walk through the forest Ato leadBledCleadingDto be leading 12Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English wordAspeakingBspeakCspokenDto speak 13The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes on the screen AfixedBto fixCto be fixedDfixing 14The captain plac

38、ed the flag over the boy, leaving only his face。AuncoverBuncoveringCto be uncoveredDuncovered15She was very glad to see her child well Atake care ofBtaken care ofCto take care ofDtaking care of 从高考题看过去分词的句法功能答案 情感动词的分词用法答案： 1moving；moved 2interested；interesting 3worried；worrying 4tired；tiring 5encou

39、raging；encouraged 6puzzled；puzzled 7excited 8touched 9terrified 10satisfied Key: 1-5 CBCBD 6-10 CABAD 11-15 CCADB 16-20 DBABC动词过去式的变化可速记为“直”、“去”、“双”、“改”四字诀。 一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed.如：wanted，played. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ed.如：hoped，lived. 重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed.如：stopped. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i，再加-ed.如：studied，wo

40、rried. 规则动词过去式的读音也有规律可循。请记住：清后t，元浊d，t d之后读Id. 清辅音p k f s 等后，ed要读t.如：worked，finished. 元音或浊辅音b g v z m等后，ed要读d.如：lived，called. t或d后，ed读Id.如：started，needed.过去分词不规则变化表一、AAA型，即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共7个） costcostcost cutcutcut hithithit hurthurthurt letletlet putputput readreadread 二、ABB型，即过去式、过去分词相同。（共41个） 1

41、.过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。（3个） bringbroughtbrought buyboughtbought thinkthoughtthought flight-fought-fought 2.词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个） buildbuiltbuilt lendlent lent sendsentsent spendspent spent 3过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。（2个） catchcaughtcaught teachtaughttaught 4把-eep变为-ept。（3个） keepkeptkept sleepsleptslept s

42、weep sweptswept 5把-ell变为-old。（2个） telltoldtold sellsoldsold 6过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt。（4个） smellsmeltsmelt spellspeltspelt feelfelt felt spillspiltspilt 7过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（3个） learnlearntlearnt meanmeantmeant spoilspoiltspoilt 8过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个） saysaidsaid paypaidpaid laylaidlaid hearheardheard 9改变元

43、音字母。（11个） meetmetmet getgotgot sitsatsat findfoundfound holdheldheld spitspatspat shineshoneshone winwonwon hanghunghung dig dugdug loselostlost 10改变辅音字母。（1个） makemademade 11改变元、辅音字母。（4个） leaveleftleft standstoodstood have（has） hadhad understandunderstoodunderstood 三、ABC型，即原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共35个） 1.i

44、au变化。（6个） beginbeganbegun drinkdrankdrunk sing sangsung ringrangrung swimswamswum sink sanksunk 2.词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个） blowblewblown drawdrewdrawn grow grewgrown knowknewknown throwthrewthrown（show除外） 3.词尾为“i辅（1个）e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个）（give，hide除外） driv

45、edrovedriven writewrotewritten ride roderidden riseroserisen 4.过去分词在过去式后加（e）n。（5个） breakbrokebroken choosechosechosen freezefrozefrozen speakspokespoken wakewoke woken 5.过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（1个） forgetforgotforgotten 6.过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个） bewas（were）been eatateeaten fallfellfallen givegavegiven seesawse

46、en hidehidhidden（hid） 7.词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（2个） taketooktaken mistakemistookmistaken 8.原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个） dodiddone flyflewflown gowentgone lielaylain showshowedshown wearworeworn 四、AAB型，即过去式和原形相同。（1个） beatbeatbeaten 五、ABA型，即过去分词和原形相同。（3个） comecamecome becomebecamebecome run ranrun

47、六、情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。（4个） cancould maymight willwould shallshould 动词原形 过去式 过去分词arise arose arisen上升 awake awoke/awaked awoken醒 be was been bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生) beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun befall befell befallen bend bent bent弯曲 bet bet bet打赌 bind bound bound装订约

48、束，绑 bite bit bitten/bit咬 bleed bled bled blend blended blent bless blessed blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred繁殖 养育bring brought brought broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast broadcasted 广播build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst burst burst爆炸爆发 buy bought boug

49、ht cast cast cast 投掷 catch caught caught choose chose chosen cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft 砍开cling clung clung 紧贴附着clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad 给穿衣come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut dare dared/durst dared deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done

50、 draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee 覆盖fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forecast forec

51、ast/forecasted forecast/forecasted forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got gotten gild gilded/gilt gilded gird girded/girt girded/girt give gave given go went gone grave graved graven/graved grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung/

52、hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard heave heaved/hove hesved/hove hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept 投掷Kneel knelt knelt 跪下know knew known lade laded laded装载 lay laid laid 放，铺设安排lead led led lean lesnt/leaned lesnt/leaned使倾斜leap leapt/leaped 跳跃leapt

53、/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met melt melted meited/molten融化 mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood outgrow outgrew

54、 outgrown过大而不适于 overcome overcame overcome克服 oversee oversaw overseen 监督俯瞰pay paid paid prove proved proved/proven put put put quit quitted/quit quitted/quit read read read rend rent rent ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven/rived run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said

55、 said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven 剃刮shear sheared sheared/shorn 修剪shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shru

56、nken 收缩使缩小shut shut shut sing sang/sung sung sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken sit sat sat slay slew slain杀死杀害 sleep slept slept slide slid slid滑动滑落 sling slung slung吊起 slink slunk slunk 早产潜逃slit slit slit撕裂 smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled smite smote smitten重击 打sow sowed sown/sowed播种 speak spoke spoken

57、speed sped/speeded sped/speeded加速，使繁荣 spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spend spent spent spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled 溢出流出spin spun/span spun 纺纱编造spit spat/spit spat/spit吐出 spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled spread spread spread 传播散布spring sprang/sprung sprung使爆炸 stand stood stood stave stave

58、d/stove staved/stove击穿凿孔 steal stole stolen偷窃 stick stuck stuck sting stung stung 刺使痛疼swear swore sworn诅咒 sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen/swelled 膨胀使鼓起 swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn 撕破tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden/trod践踏踩upset upset upset wake woke/waked woken/waked wear wore worn weave wove woven 纺织编制weep wept wept 悲叹哭泣win won won wind wound wound 缠绕上发条work worked/wrought worked/wrought wring wrung wrung write wrote written