高中句子成分分析个性化辅导讲义

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1、 金牌教练 助力一生学科教师辅导教案 优学教育学科教师辅导教案讲义编号 lxh-gj001 学员编号：yx5-gj026 年 级：高三 课时数：1课时学员姓名：苟杰 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师：李晓慧课 题 句子结构与句子成分分析 授课日期及时段2012年11月9日 14:30-16:30教学目的1.掌握英语中句子成分有哪几种2.掌握英语句子有几种结构3.会分析所给英语句子的成分教学内容句子结构与句子成分分析讲解一.句子成分分析：（6种：主 谓 宾 定 状 补）主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主

2、语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。主语（Subject） ：动作的发出者，可由名词、代词、不定式（to do）、或动名词（V-ing）等来充当，通常置于句首。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a b

3、ook. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2、谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。 一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。 如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。 谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成

4、不同句子类型。谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。谓语（Predicate）: 只有动词或动词短语才能充当，置于主语之后 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep.句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。 3. 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。 需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语：动作的承受者 宾语：1）动作的承受者

5、-动宾 位于谓语动词（vt）之后I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there

6、 are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词

7、） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, fe

8、el（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.4、定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a deve

9、loped country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）Ma

10、rry is an English teacher.（名词） 5、状语表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。状语：说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance

11、 examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr. Smith lives on the

12、third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than h

13、e is.（比较状语）6.补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh. 主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed, 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity tha

14、t she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was

15、 elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.7、表语（Predicative） 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） So thats that. 就是这

16、样。（代词） We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词） Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式） My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式） Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词） Is that asking so mu

17、ch? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词） I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分） Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分） She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语） The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语） Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） 补

18、充： 能做系动词的实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，d

19、ry The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等） A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。He is a teacher. （名词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)The cleaners job is to clean the street.（不定式）（常见的系动词有 be, s

20、ound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, feel（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.8.同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-i

21、ng形式7）名词从句二.句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主 谓（vi不及物动词) She came/ My head aches. 主 谓（vt及物动词） 宾语 She likes English.主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主 系 表 She is happy主 谓（vt.） 宾 宾补 She makes her mother angry There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）三句子的种类：陈述句/ 祈使句/ 感叹句/ 疑问句四高考英语时态答题易错点归纳易错点一

22、、忽略题干的语境通过对近几年高考英语时态考题的分析，我们发现高考英语的时态考题特别注重利用题干本身所提供的语境进行考查。如果同学们在做题时，只顾理解填空处的句意，而忽略对上下文语境的连贯理解，则可能步入命题人设计的陷阱。如：1. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _ to half a dozen other groups. (2006湖南卷)A. was giving B. am givingC. had given D. have given2. Father _ for London on bu

23、siness upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. (2005福建卷)A. has left B. leftC. was leaving D. had left易错点二、滥用时态呼应英语时态在许多情况都是前后呼应的，即上文所用的某种时态与下文所用的某种时态存在一定的关联性。正确地运用时态呼应本来也是一种做时态题的技巧，但是，如果不加理解地滥用它，则会适得其反。如：1. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (

24、2006重庆卷)A. lived B. was livingC. have lived D. had lived2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (2005湖北卷)A. were deciding B. have decidedC. decided D. will decide 易错点三、忽略简单时态的特殊用法有的考题从表面上看是考查某种很简单的时态，但命题人有可能是考查这种简单时态的某种特殊用法

25、，同学们做题时一定要引起高度注意。如：Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _. (2006福建卷)A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off易错点四、忽略排除法的使用有的考题难度较大，同学们如果从正面分析，一时难以找到答案，这时可以尝试运用排除法来解题。如：I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _ on it for more than an

26、hour. (2006湖北卷)A. has been working B. will have workedC. will have been working D. had worked易错点五、误解时态“标志”大家知道，英语时态在许多情况下都有其特定的“标志”，比如since通常是使用现在完成时的“标志”，ago通常是使用一般过去时的“标志”，等等。同学们在做时态题时也往往利用这些“标志”，以便迅速找到答案。但是，如果忽略题目中的特定语境而误解这些标志，则可能被引入答题的误区。如：As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see hi

27、m. (2005北京卷)A. you will come B. will you comeC. you come D. do you come英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）一分析下列句子成分 1. Our school is far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. M

28、y grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.He broke a piece of glass. 6. Trees turn green when spring comes.7. They pushed the door open. 8. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. He wrote some letters to his friends. 10. We need a place twice larger than this one. 11. He asked us to s

29、ing an English song. 12. We will make our school more beautiful.13. She showed us many of her pictures. 14. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany15. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 16. Would you please pass me the cup? 17 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 18. Do you k

30、now the latest news about him?19. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.二翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）你应当努力学习。 should hard you study 她昨天回家很晚。 very went she yesterday home evening late 那天早上我们谈了很多。talked great morning we that deal a 会议将持续两个小时。 will the two meeting hours last 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动.The May Fourth Move

31、ment in Beijing in 1919 broke out . 每天八时开始上课。classes day eight at every begin这个盒子重五公斤。 this kilos box five weighs 五年前我住在北京。 in Beijing lived five I ago years 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。 wrote I a night letter last 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 Want I to with this you talk afternoon. 3这本书他读过多次了。 He book has many th

32、ese read times. 4他们成功地完成了计划。 they plan have carried out the successfully5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 You reading must books finish these in two weeks 6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。that speak gentlemen languages can three fluently.7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 from received I a letter in Australia my pen friend 8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。cannot Jim hi

33、mself dress 双宾语结构 （主语谓间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。taught Mr. Johnson us last German year 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。told interesting an Grandma story night me last Mary把钱包交给校长了。 the wallet Mary handed schoolmaster to the 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Would please me you pass the dictionary? 他把车票给列车员看。 the ticket he the cond

34、uctor showed to 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。this term have written my parents I to three letters 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 My father bike me a new has bought. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 Robinson Crusoe himself made a boat一.分析句子成分 1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you.3. All of

35、 us considered him honest.4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes5.He made it clear that he would leave the city6.Tress turn green when spring comes7.Grandma told me an interesting story last night8.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends9.All the students think highly of his teachi

36、ng10.We need a place twice large than this one11.He asked us to sing an English song12.We will make our school more beautiful13.Go back where you came from14.We must do whatever the people want us to do15.At last he got home, tired and hungry16.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow二、选择填空：( )1. _ will leave f

37、or Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet ( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning

38、.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaden ( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we ( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is ( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked ( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where