Lecture3Participle分词讲义

《Lecture3Participle分词讲义》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Lecture3Participle分词讲义（15页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、Lecture 3 Participle 分词1.分词的结构主动被动现在分词一般doingbeing done完成 having donehaving been done过去分词done1.1 现在分词：1.1.1一般式（主动）：表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 They went to the park, singing and talking. 1.1.2完成式（主动）：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 Having done his homework, he played basketball.1.1.3一般式（被动）：表示的动作此刻正在发生或与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作

2、。 The questions being discussed are of great importance. (分词动作正在进行) He told us to keep a secret of the things being discussed. (同时发生)1.1.4完成式（被动）：表示发生在谓语之前的被动的动作。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.1.2过去分词：1.2.1 及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义。 I was really bored by the uninteresting

3、 movie.1.2.2不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，只表示完成意义。 In autumn, faded flowers can be seen every where. Boiled water(开水） fallen leaves （落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）2.现在分词的句法功能2.1 作定语。相当于一个定语从句的句法功能。单个分词放在名词前，短语分词在名词后面。 In the following years he worked even harder.In the years that followed,. T

4、he man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.=The man who is speaking to the teacher2.2 作表语 The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. We are watching TV now. be+ doing 既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语。它们的区别在于be+ doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。2.3 作宾补。有些动词如：see, watch, hear, feel, noti

5、ce, observe等后可跟现在分词或动词不定式作宾补。现在分词做宾补，表示正在进行的动作;不定式做宾补时，表示动作的全过程已经完成了。 Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?(你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？) Have you heard her sing the song in the next room?(你听见过她在隔壁唱歌吗？)2.4 现在分词作状语。表示时间。相当于when引导的从句，这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分。Hearing the news, we immediately set off for Beijing.（

6、=When we heard the news, we） 也可放在主语后或语尾，放在句尾时表示强调。 I listened to the music for a while, having written an important letter. He, finishing his homework, goes to bed.如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，分词应放在句尾。 She opened the door, greeting her guests.如果分词表示的动作先发生，谓语动词动作紧接着发生，分词短语应放在句首，不能放在句尾。 They stopped talking,

7、hearing a strange sound. () Hearing a strange sound, they stopped talking. () 注意：on doing sth.不同于in doing sth.介词on/in+现在分词也是常用的时间表示法，有些细微的差别。On+现在分词相当于as soon as, 强调瞬间的动作; in+现在分词相当于when或while,强调的是连续的缓慢的动作。 On entering the room, he found the woman lying dead on the floor. In doing the work she met a

8、 lot of difficulties. 表示原因，相当于as, since, because引导的从句。Having plenty of money, he was able to travel at once. Because he had plenty of money, he wasCf:不定式只能在表示情感方面的形容词后做原因状语。如： We are proud to be members of this team. 表示伴随状语时，不可以用状语从句替换，但可以改写成并列句。He died, leaving his wife with five children. (表伴随)=He

9、 died and left his wife with five children.表示方式状语。Driving a truck, he earns a living. （表方式）表示条件， 相当于if, unless等引导的从句。 Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.表示结果，相当于so that结构。He ran very fast breaking the record of our school.He ran very fast so that he broke the record of our school.Cf:

10、不定式只表示出乎意料的结果；而-ing分词表示一种自然的结果。如： I bought an expensive computer home yesterday, only to find it used. 表示让步状语,相当于though, even if 等引导的从句。 Knowing no one in Paris, he joined a group of musicians 作独立成分。（逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致） Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.Broad speaking大体上说Strictly speaking严

11、格来说Comparatively speaking比较地说Considering谈到Regarding the plan关于这个计划Barring accidents若无意外Granting that即使Calculating strictly 严格地算来Taking all things in consideration从各方面来说 Generally speaking, girls are more careful.3.过去分词的结构意义 过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系： 1) 表示已经发生的动作： Born in a poo

12、r family, he could not go to school. Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念：He is a man loved by all. The woman talked about is very rich. 【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：Asked why he came, he kept silent. He came in, followed by his secr

13、etary. 4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 4. 过去分词的句法功能4.1 作定语。过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.=Our class went on a trip which was organized last Monday. Those elected as committee members wi

14、ll attend the meeting.=Those who are elected as committee members will attend the meeting.4.2 作表语。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. （被动语态，表示动作） The library is now closed. (过去分词作表语)注意：过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。4.3 作宾补。表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, f

15、eel, notice, think等. I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed. 表示“致使”意义的动词，如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。 Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. Dont leave those things undone. 表示思维活动的动词consider, know, think等后。如： I consider the matter s

16、ettled. I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 表示爱憎意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后。如： I wanted two tickets reserved. He didnt wish it mentioned. 4.4作状语。表示原因 Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents.表示时间 Once seen, it can never be forgotten.表示条件。 Given more time, Ill be a

17、ble to do it better.表示让步。 Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.表示方式或伴随。 She hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.表示独立成分。 Taken as a whole(总的来说）, there is nothing wrong with the book.5. 作状语的分词短语前的连词5.1分词短语作状语时，有时前面可以用一个连词，表示强调、或出于表达需要。常用的连词有：when, while, after, b

18、efore, if, though, whetheror, unless, as if等。 After taking the medicine, he felt better. The soldier walked very slowly as if having been wounded.5.2 如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being,则being 常常省略。 While（being）at school, she began to write the novel. Though (being）in his room, he still felt unsafe.注意：分词being+

19、形容词、名词、介词、表示时间、原因、伴随时，可以放在主语前，主语后，也可放在句尾，这种用法的being常可省略。 （Being）A man of few words, John is most kind-hearted. Jack, (being) in a bad mood, did nothing yesterday. The girl kept away from the dog, being very timid.6. 悬垂结构6.1悬垂导致病句的分词结构。 Walking along the lake, the country scenery presented a lovely s

20、how. Sitting at the window, a flock of birds flew across the sky.上面两句中，walking 和sitting的逻辑主语都不可能是the country scenery和a flock of bird,可以用以下方法改正：（a.) As he was walking alone the lake, the country scenery presented a lovely show. (把分词短语扩展成状语，主句结构不变。) (b.) Sitting at the window, she saw a flock of birds

21、 fly across the sky.(保留分词短语，改变主句的主语，使 之成为分词短语的逻辑主语，并作其他相应变化。)6.2 悬垂导致病句的动名词结构：动名词同介词构成动名词短语，其逻辑主语也是主句的主语。 By building a railway there, coal can be carried out from the mountains. 主语coal不可能建造一个铁路，故不能充当build的主语。应该在动名词前加上代词或名词的属格，使动名词有自己的逻辑主语。 By building a railway there, people can carry coal out from

22、 the mountains. By our building a railway there, people can carry coal out from the mountains. 6.3悬垂导致病句的不定式结构：不定式短语常放在句首，作目的状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就为病句。 To speak French well, a lot of practice is needed.-To speak French well, we need a lot of practice.6.4 悬垂导致病句的从句结构：如果时间、条件等状语从句的主语不是主句的主语或宾语，从句的主语和相关的

23、动词不可省略，否则句意不合情理。可以改变主句的主语或给从句补上适当的主谓结构。 While reading the book, the door bell rang.While reading the book, he heard the door bell rang.6.5悬垂但不致病句的分词及分词短语：有些单个分词或分词短语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语，但已成为习惯用语或在同性上已转化为其他类词，被认为是正确用法，主要有以下几种情况：6.5.1常见的单个现在分词（已转化为介词）：regarding（就而论）, concerning（关于）, respecting（关于/说到）, touchin

24、g（关于）, including（包含）, counting, wanting（without没有）, pending（during/until), now with standing (虽然)等。 I know nothing regarding the present situation. Wanting mutual trust, friendship is impossible. Now with standing, he works very hard, he cant support his family.6.5.2常见的副词speaking. generally speaking

25、, frankly speaking, roughly speaking, honestly speaking等。 Frankly speaking, the TV is not worth buying. 6.5.3悬垂但不致病的从句结构：如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语或宾语相同，则可将从句的主语及相关的动词（尤其是be动词）省略，这种结构似乎悬垂，但都是合乎逻辑的正确的句子。 She enjoyed fishing when a young woman. (she was) Come at five, if not earlier.(=if you cant come earlier) S

26、he knows much of the word seeing that (in view of the fact that鉴于的事实） twelve years old. (she is) 7.不定式和分词某些句法功能的区别7.1不定式、-ing形式及动词的过去分词做表语一般说来，不定式做表语，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题；-ing形式（既动名词）作表语时，有时与不定式一样，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题；有时又与过去分词一样，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质、特征（既现在分词）而过去分词说明主语的状态或心情，回答how所提出的问题。(1) 相当于名词

27、。如：My job is to drive the car. = My job is driving the car. (What are you?)(2) 相当于形容词。如： I am excited at this good news. (How are you at this good news.)The news is exciting. (How is this news?)7.2 不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做宾语补足语 分词一般在两类动词后作宾语补足语。感觉、感观动词和使役，致使动词。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。7.2.1 感觉、感观动

28、词后的分词宾补。这类动词有：see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, feel, find等。 Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window. I found the country greatly changed. She smelt something burning. He felt a great load taken off his mind.7.2.2 使役、致使等动词后的分词宾补。这类动词有：catch, set, have, get

29、, start, leave, keep等。 The joke set us all laughing. He still could not make himself understood in English. She set the ball flying.分词作宾补的几种特殊情况或意义。7.2.3.1 make后的宾补只能用过去分词，不能用现在分词。 The writer made herself known by the novel.7.2.3.2 set 后的宾补通常是现在分词，不用过去分词。 She set the clock going. His words set me th

30、inking deeply.7.2.3.3 下面被动结构后，as引导的分词短语应视为主语补足语。 He was praised as being most responsible. The accident was reported as having been caused by carelessness.7.2.3.4 一些表示使动的动词后面如：have/get等动词宾语过去分词表示由别人来做某事。 I want to have my hair cut. Shell get her car repaired this afternoon.总结：不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做宾语补足

31、语（1） 在hear, watch, notice, see, get, keep, feel等动词后不定式做宾补，与宾语在逻辑上有主谓关系，强调动作的全过程已经完成了。 I saw him go into the teachers office. (2)在hear, watch, notice, see, get, keep, feel等动词后-ing分词做宾补，与宾语在逻辑上有主谓关系，强调动作正在进行。 I found them walking in the street. (3)动词的过去分词做宾补，及物动词的过去分词表动作完成和被动，不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。如： He spok

32、e slowly to make himself understood better. 7.3不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别不定式做定语时，表示中心词跟非谓语动词之间存在着主谓或动宾关系，说明主语的内容。He was the last one to leave school yesterday.She has a lot of work to do in the morning 不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive动力movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心effort努力，尝试need需要，需求campaign战

33、役，运动failure失败，不及格opportunity机会chance机会force力，压力，要点promise许诺，希望courage勇气intention意向，意图reason理由，原因decision决定method方法，方式light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势wish希望，愿望，祝愿7.3.1.3被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only 和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。He is always the first to come and the

34、last to leave 7.3.1.4不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm.5如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came trueTheir deci

35、sion to give up the experiment surprised us分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning houseThe child standing over there is my brotherThe room facing south is our classroomHave you got your watch repaired? 下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：de

36、parted（离开的）, elapsed（时间流逝的）, faded（枯萎的）, fallen（跌倒/落下的）, gone（离开的）, frown-up（皱眉的）, retired（退休的）, returned（返回的）, risen（升起的）, set（安置的）, vanished（消失的）7.3.4不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from

37、 Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ Can you see that broken vase?你看到了那个被打破的花瓶吗？7.4不定式和分词作状语现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the doo

38、r behind him.Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.过去分词作状语时，过去分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about th

39、e plan (伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan (目的)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch (原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before (时间)Reading carefully，youll learn something new (条件)His family was too poor to support him (结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf (结果)We are glad to hear the news (原因)总结：-ing分词及过去分词不能做目的的状语；不定式不能作时间、条件、让步、伴随、方式状语。