英语专业本科毕业论文商务英语词汇的衔接与语篇的连贯

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1、IntroductionThis is a study on the cohesion and coherence of Business English text. The present thesis is an attempt to explore the nature of cohesion, texture and coherence, and the ways they relate to each other in the production and comprehension of a text.In 1960，R. Jacobsons on the parallel con

2、struction in literature discourse is known as the earliest study of discourse cohesion. In 1962, Halliday and Hasan put forward the concept of “cohesion” and divided cohesion into grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion for the first time in 1964. Four years later, in the book Grammatical Cohesion

3、 in Spoken and Written English, from where Hasan stands, “the study of cohesion aims to discover the characteristics of a text as distinct from a collection of sentences” (Hasan, 1968) In the book Cohesion in English (1976), the concept of cohesion is defined as “a semantic one, it is the relations

4、of meaning that exist within texts, and that define it as a text.” It is further pointed out that “cohesion is part of the system of a language.” Since then, cohesion becomes an important topic in the field of text linguistics. Lexical cohesion is the cohesion that arises from semantic relationships

5、 between words. It is “the single most important form of cohesive tie” which holds about forty percent of the total (Hoey, 1991). Hoey also said, “Lexical cohesion becomes the dominant mode of creating texture.” The reason of the above view, according the writer of the thesis, is that the lexical co

6、hesion is the only type of cohesion which regularly forms multiple relationships.Therefore, this thesis will focus on lexical cohesion. The writer will analyze how lexical cohesion functions and attempt to help students improve their understanding of lexical cohesion. Chapter Literature Review and R

7、elevant Research1.1 Literature ReviewLexical cohesion refers to the relationship established within a text by the choice of lexical items in organizing the text. Halliday and Hasan pointed out that lexical cohesive devices account for 42% of all the cohesive devices, so they are comparatively more i

8、mportant than grammatical cohesive devices. British linguist Hoey also thinks that lexical cohesion is the most prominent and important form in all the types of cohesion. In the past two decades, scholars at home and abroad have done many researches on lexical cohesion, such as Winter, Philip, Hu Zh

9、uanglin and Zhu Yongsheng.Lexical cohesion is the only regular form of cohesion that of multiple relationships. If this is taken into account, lexical cohesion becomes the dominant mode of creating texture. But it is weird that the researches on lexical cohesion are fewer than those on the other coh

10、esive ties.Significance of the Present StudyWith the development of human language, theories language structure is gradually divided into two categories: grammarism and text linguistics. Usually the former focuses on individual and independent sentences while the latter emphasis on textual communica

11、tion. Grammarism studies the form and usage of words, sentence structure and distribution of the different components. In grammatical research, sentence is the highest level in structure. However, linguistic supra-sentential structure in the text is the focus of study arranged for learning sentence,

12、 cohesion and text coherence. Grammarism is a well-developed branch of linguistics, research and positive results have been enriched in this area. Research in these areas concerns neither the relationship among sentences nor the status and role of sentence in linguistic units that are on a higher le

13、vel than sentence in the structure of language. However, just as one word has different meanings and different functions in different sentences, one sentence in different texts will have different meanings and interpersonal functions and linguistic contexts. Sentence needs to be understood in a part

14、icular context, otherwise it will be difficult to define the exact meaning and the interpersonal function of language units will be difficult to determine. This thesis on the basis of lexical analysis theory, attempts to introduce relations between cohesion and coherence and the lexical cohesion dev

15、ices in Business English application. ChapterLexical Cohesion Types in Business English ApplicationHalliday and Hasan(1976:288) divide lexical cohesion into two broad types: reiteration and collocation. The framework below illustrates their theory of lexical cohesion:Type of lexical cohesion:Referen

16、tial relation:(1) Reiterationa) same word (repetition)i) same referentb) synonym (or near-synonym)ii) inclusivec) superordinateiii) exclusived) general wordiv) unrelated(2) Collocation2.1 ReiterationReiteration refers to the repetition of the same words said before, synonyms, super ordinates and gen

17、eral words. Thus, cohesion between sentences can be achieved. In the following thesis, different types will be analyzed in detail.Reiteration is the simplest form of lexical cohesion. The exchange of ideas is very important to create a text because each sentence contains information that is not enti

18、rely new. So some words must be repeated in order to get new things, otherwise people may focus on different information. As a result, sometimes some words may be repeated for emphasis. In addition, in order to organize the text and make the information exchange more efficiently, people usually use

19、this type of repetition to make the text coherent. At the same time, this can make the role of the topic we are talking about outstanding and making it more impressed. We have two kinds of repetition, namely simple lexical repetition and complex lexical repetition.2 Simple Lexical Repetition“Simple

20、lexical repetition occurs when a lexical item that has already occurred in a text is repeated with no more choice than can be explained entirely in terms of a closed grammatical paradigm” (Philip,1989)Generally speaking, the repeated words are those key words in sentences or texts carrying important

21、 information, so only open-set lexical items can enter into such a link while closed-set words such as article, preposition, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, etc cannot.A party lacks capacity to contract if he is incapable of a full understanding of his rights and the nature, purpose and legal effects

22、 of the contract. Capacity-to-contract issues generally involve minors, mental incompetents, intoxicated persons and drug addicts.Here the author uses the word contract four times continually, which expresses the strong emotion of the capacity of a contract. Thus the theme is very clear and prominen

23、t. It is a typical instance in which lexical repetition is created mainly for emphasis. The use of them makes the sentences related very closely with very strong cohesion.2 Complex Lexical RepetitionSimple lexical repetition in close contact is complex lexical repetition. This happens when two lexic

24、al items has the same morpheme, but not formally identical (as we discuss the definition of the simple lexical repetition), or formally same but have different grammatical functions.For an agreement to be a valid contract, the contracting parties must have legal capacity to enter into transactions.I

25、f a contract is made for an illegal purpose, or if its content is tainted by illegality, it does not exist in the eye of law. As the examples shown above, contract (v.) and contracting (n.), illegal (adj.) and illegality (n.), form a complex lexical cohesion respectively. Comparing English to Chines

26、e, this kind of repetition is peculiar to English because of the characteristics of the language.2.1.3 SuperodinateSuperodinate involves the concept of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. Superodinate refers to a more general meaning of those words that their meanings are included

27、 under the meaning of the word meanings.If you look back over Icahns 25 years record，youll find a list of a couple of dozen target companies. Many are familiar names，such as RJR，Marvel, Marshall Field, TWA and Western Union. The company names like “RJR, Marvel”，Marshall Field，TWA”and Western Union”a

28、re lower terms (which is more specific) while the hyponymy and the upper term companies(which is more general) is the superodinate. You can even open you favorite ten sites each morning with a single mouse click. Want to block an ad? A single click does it. Search service from Google, Yahoo, Amazon,

29、 eBay, and Dictionary are built in. “Sites is a superodinate，and its lower terms are“Google, Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, and Dictionary ”. This shows that the semantic field of words and semantic relations between words are interdependent when appear in the same discourse in the formation of coherent inter

30、face.2.1.4 General WordGeneral word refers to a small set of words have generalized reference. In a way, the general word is a higher-level superordinate. It is a umbrella term that can cover almost everything. In the same text we can use them to refer to related persons, places, actions, etc. Disco

31、urse which refers to the business use of the word is consistent with economic principles of communication to avoid cumbersome suspected and accused of pronouns and echo each other to form a coherent discourse of natural. For example:Traders complain about a lack of price volatility; several markets

32、speak of the need to attract back speculative business一and of the difficulty of doing so in the present climate。In the case the article “so” here refers to the phrase in the front “to attract back speculative business” which plays a connecting role as the semantic coherence basis for the chapter. Re

33、lationship within words is that there is a inclination of the common vocabulary (co-occurrence tendency). In the discourse, on a certain topic, a certain word is often concurrent and some other words are unlikely to occur or do not appear. Like laugh and joke, garden and dig, ill and doctor, bee and

34、 honey. These words do not rely on any system of semantic relations but on the same words, which tend to occur in the environment to strengthen the interface between chapters. Collection of words need to include antisense (antonymy), complementary relations etc.For its part，Microsoft has vastly inte

35、nsified its efforts to provide software security. IF you want to avoid IE problems，the company says，never ,mind Firefox. Instead，you should install the latest update to Windows，released in August and known as Service Pack 2. It includes a raft of security，safety，and antispyware features for Windows

36、and Explorer. SP2 is free，but it can take hours to install. Whats more，it only works with Windows XP; if you have an earlier version of Windows，upgrading to XP costs at least $80.Speaking to the topic of software security, in the above example, many related terms can be found, like “Microsoft”, “IE”

37、, “Firefox”, “Install”, “update”, “Windows (XP)” , “Explorer”, “Service Pack 2 (SP2)” and so on, they go together to form a description lexical chain of “software security” ; plus key words “Windows (XP) (4 times) ”, “SP2 (2 times) ” and the “Install (2 times), ” repetition, and “free” and “cost” po

38、sed by antisense appearing together, “ security ”, “ safety ” and “ antispyware ” component the complementary relationship, all of which rely on word repetition and formed relations with the current chain of lexical cohesion, so that the whole paragraph concentrate on the theme.2.2 CollocationHallid

39、ay and Hasan extended the basis of the lexical relationship that featured as a cohesive force. They hold that there is cohesion between any pairs of lexical items that stand to each other in some recognizable lexical semantic (word meaning) relations.Collocation is the most problematic part of lexic

40、al cohesion that is achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur. So their relationship is co-occurrence. When we talk about some topic in a text, certain words tend to co-occur while it is not possible for others to occur. Because of their semantic relationship, of cour

41、se they contribute to the creation of text. 2.2.1 AntonymsThe antonyms are one of the rhetorical devices which the litterateurs prefer. The use of antonyms can achieve an effect of obvious contrast and thus give prominence the meanings expressed and strengthen the expressive force.An official from t

42、he Ministry of finance said, however, that the state should proceed from the following aspects in implementing a prudent fiscal policy.second, it is necessary to increase receipts and decrease expenditure.The case increase and decrease constitute a sense of relativity, achieved a purpose of consiste

43、nt.2 Same SeriesIn the practice of language, there are certain rules for the arrangement of some words, such as numbers: first, second, third., months: January, February, March.,days of a week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday., directions, ranks, and etc. These words which belong to the same sequence, of

44、 course, have the function of cohesion when used in a text.2 Registral CollocationLexical items which show the relationship between an object and its components, or relationship between objects of the same kind can form lexical cohesion. For example, the relationship between wall, window ceiling and

45、 room belongs to the kind part to whole and the relationship between them belongs to the kind part to part. The relationship between words table, chair, sofa and bed belongs to another type: co-hyponyms because all of them belong to the same category of furniture.Located in Moscow, we produce a wide

46、 variety of socks and hosiery items in a cotton-woolen-nylon blend for men, women, and children. These socks are of good quality, are popular with customers, and sell well. Our total production averages 10 million pairs per year, 70% for export and 30% for the domestic marketThese words “produce”, “

47、items”, “quality”, “customers” and “export” do not rely on any system of semantic relations but on the emergence in the same lexical environment to increase the convergence power in the text. These words belong to the same lexical set in lexical discourse. When they appear at the same time and be co

48、nnected in a certain subject area of the discourse, they will provide readers with the language environmental information of understanding the text content. Chapter Cohesion and Coherence3.1 Cohesion and Lexical cohesionHalliday and Hasan first tried to analyze cohesion in the book Cohesion in Engli

49、sh (1976), which marked the establishment of cohesive theory. The concept of cohesion is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text.This concept is considered as a most widely accepted one. They gave their reason as follows (Halliday & Hasan 1976), “ The means of ex

50、pressing these various types of cohesion are, as we have seen, drawn from a number of areas of lexicogrammatical system, which have in common merely the fact that they contribute to the realization of cohesion.”Halliday and Hasan have further pointed out that “cohesion is part of the system of a lan

51、guage.” Cohesion occurs in the text of an element dependent on another element of explanation. Another prerequisite is that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements are thereby at least potentially integrated

52、 into a text. It is the relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.Crystal (1997) defines cohesion as “those surface structure features of an utterance or text which link different parts of sentences or larger units of discourse”. Hoey (1991)claimed cohesion can be

53、 defined as “the way certain words or grammatical features of a sentence can connect that sentence to its predecessors (and successors)” Baker(1992) said, “Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.”It is necessary to emp

54、hasize that, as one of the text-forming components in the linguistic system. The structure cohesion is independent of elements linked together by relying on a dependency with other explanations. The resources that make up the cohesive potential are part of the total meaning potential of the language

55、. These resources are a sense of catalytic function, without cohesion, the rest of the semantic system cannot efficiently activate at all.Since Halliday and Hasan pointed out the definition of cohesion, it became an important topic of text linguistics. They analyzed all the types of cohesive devices

56、 and divided cohesive devices into grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion has four devices which are reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction.In the book Cohesion in English, Halliday and Hasan (1976) made the first attempt on the analysis of cohesion. They divi

57、ded cohesive devices into five categories, which are reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. The first four categories belong to grammatical cohesive devices. In applied linguistics and language teaching, cohesion has become one of the key elements to the discourse compo

58、nents of the syllabus (McCarthy& Carter, 1994). However, not much research has been done on lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan (1976) once demonstrated: Though there is no relation of reference between the two occurrences of a lexical item, there is more lexical repetition relatively, in other wor

59、ds, several lexical items are repeated in the proceeding sentence, and this compensates for the lack of any referential connection. Properly speaking, reference is irrelevant to lexical cohesion. It is not by virtue of any referential relation that there is a cohesive force set up between two occurr

60、ences of a lexical item; rather, the cohesion exists as a direct relation between the forms themselves.This indicates that lexical cohesion of any kinds does have the cohesive effect which can contribute to the coherence or texture of a text.Halliday and Hasan classified the lexical cohesion into tw

61、o main categories: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration refers to repetition of what has been said before in the form of same words, synonyms or near synonyms, superordinates and general words, they also the four types of reiteration. Collocation also has four types of referential relation, whic

62、h is same referent, inclusive, exclusive and unrelated. Based on Halliday and Hasans theory, scholars in China have done many researches on lexical cohesion from different perspectives. They put forward their own ideas, some even set up their own theories. Liao Qiuzhong is an early scholar who studi

63、es cohesion at home.He did not give a clear classification of cohesive devices, but proposes “Kuangling Relation” (similar to Halliday and Hasans part-whole relation and collocation), repetition, conjunctions which can actually be seen as cohesive devices. Liao Qiuzhongs theory is based on Halliday

64、and Hasantheory, combined with Chinese materials, he changes and deepens Halliday and Hasans theory, his scope of research object is broader than that of Halliday and Hasans. Huang Guowens Essentials of Text Analysis is the first work that systematically introduces the theory and methods of foreign

65、text linguistics. In the part of lexical cohesion, based on the theory of Halliday and Hasans theory, he states the four relations of repetition: the same word repetition, synonym and near-synonym, hyponym, and general words. Hu Zhuanglins (1994) definition of lexical cohesion is: lexical cohesion is a linguistic phenomenon that some words which appear in the same text have certain relationship in meaning, including repetition, substitution and collocation. In his book Cohesion and Coherence, Hu rec