龙岗向阳英语培训机构动词的时态

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1、动词的时态正确使用时态能反映一个人的英语基本功。一方面中国学生花很多时间来研究动词时态，而另一方面中国学生在写作上和口语表达上经常犯动词时态的错误。我认为出错的最主要原因是缺乏口头和笔头上的大量练习，其次是对容易混淆的动词时态之间缺乏透彻的比较。下文中将比较多对容易混淆的时态，从中总结出各种时态所运用的条件，了解各种时态的区别，其目的是让你在比较之中掌握每一时态的运用，至少使你不犯太简单的语法错误，如：Hegoshoppinglastweek.这也是掌握动词时态的一个方法，并且要熟读甚至背诵例句。1一般现在时的用法:时（TENSE是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。那在英语里时有两个：现

2、在时PRESENT TENSE）和过去时PASTTENSE）。英语动词的现在时除了在主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾必须加-s或-es以外，其它都是动词原形。一般现在时是现在时中的一种，一般现在时的用法是受动词词汇意义制约的；这种动词形式通常可用来表示下列意义。1)表示现在经常发生性或习惯性的动作，常与表示2)频度副词和副2)词时间状语连用。时间状语：every, sometimes,at, on Sunday，always, ever, frequently, hardly ever, never,occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, usually等，频度

3、副词通常位于主动词之前，如果主动词是be，则通常位于其后，也可以为了加强而位于其前。I leave home for school at 7 every morning.我每天早上七点钟离开家去学校。Percy often goes to his office by underground.Father doesnt smoke.He always sleeps with his windows open.Mary usually learns languages very quickly but shedoesnt seem able to learn modern Greek.注意，har

4、dly ever的含意是almost never，rarely的含义是notusually。以此类推，not ever=never; not always = usually;not usually = rarely; not only = seldom,等等。The students (always) are always on time for class.2)表示不受时的限制的客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghailies in the east ofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before

5、 a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Thistastesverygood.Idontbelievemyeyes.Ineedacar.Ihatethismusic.I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my hom

6、ework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch onthe current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。5)在讲述一个过去发生的故事时，有时可用一般现在时表示过去发生的一系列事情。Thisuseiscalledthehistoricalpresent.如在看图说话一类题时经常用到这一点。Examples:一个美国人描述他到中国旅游的经历My friend and I arrive at the capital

7、air port inBeijing on the morning of May 25th, 1993.Robert comesto meet with us in a taxi, and we drive to what is to beour apartment for nearly three.week.Thedriveisculture shock number one.We see people everywhere.Also, Beijin seem to be more modern than its has beenwritten in all the books onChin

8、aI have read. My friendand I are extremely astonished by the number of bicycleson the road, ，truly the kingdom of bicycles.2一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, theother day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often pl

9、ayed football in thestreet.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they weregiven a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth到时间了该了It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了早该了It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you c

10、ame tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived inKentuckyfor seven years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs

11、. Darby has lived inKentuckyfor seven years.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词could, would.Could you lend me your bike?5) used to / be used toused to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother u

12、sed not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看

13、出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。3一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c.有迹象要

14、发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be astorm.3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave forBeijing.注意：be about to不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5) be going to / will用于条件句时，be going to表将来will表意愿If you are go

15、ing to make a journey, youd better getready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fitthe new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6) be to和be going tobe to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)Im going to play footba

16、ll tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)*一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell i

17、s ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to waitfor me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before youleave the room.5)用现在进行时表示将来意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为come

18、,go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。Im leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week?4现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。*区别一般现在时和现在完成时:一般现在时：表达的动作不表明动作从何时开始或已进行了多长时间。HelenandTomarehappilymarried.Brucelistenstothenewseverymorning.现在

19、完成时:a.现在完成时所表达的动作正在进行,但句子总是表明动作是什么时候开始的。HelenandTomhavebeenhappilymarriedsincetheirweddingday60yearsago.Brucehaslistenedtothenewsallhislifewithoutmissingaday.b.与现在完成时常用的两个词:ForandSinceFor:表示动作持续的时间。如:fortwominutes/weeks/years；forseveraldays/alongtime/thepastmonth而在一般现在时不能与之连用。Since:表示动作从何时开始的.如:sinc

20、e6:00/Apr.23/lastweek/theaccident*区别现在进行时和现在完成进行时:现在进行时：表示一个正在进行的动作,但不表明动作从什么时候开始的。Heiswaitingoverthere.MatthewisstudyChineseinBeijing.现在完成进行时:龙岗英语培训a.现在完成进行时表示一个过去开始的并且现在仍在进行的动作。Hehasbeenwaitingovertheresince2:00.Forthelastthreemonths,MatthewhasbeenstudyingChinese.b.现在完成进行时表示一个进行了很长时间并且刚刚完成了的动作。Oh,

21、thereyouare!Ihavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.c.与现在完成进行时搭配的时间副词:since,for,all/week/month/year,inthepastweek/fewmonths/fewyears,recently,lately*现在完成时和现在完成进行时:现在完成时：可表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。Hehastriedtopasstheexamtwice.现在完成进行时：不表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。Hehasbeentryingtopasstheexamallmonth.*比较一般过去时与现在完成时:1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或

22、单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, justnow,具体的时间状语,表示一个过去已经完成的动作。a.表示一个过去已经完成的动作。LastweekIwentswimmingwithTom.b.表示在过去一段时间内反复发生的动作,但现在已经结束。与之搭配的时间副词:lastyear,lastweekend,lastmonth.有时用thisw

23、eekend,thisyear,IwenttoCanadatwicethisyear.Iattendedaweddingpartythisweekend.c.表示已完成的过去的一段活动:Ourfamilyownedthathouseforgenerations.(Wedontownitnow.)共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before,already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until,up

24、 to now, in past years, always,a.表示过去的一个动作但其发生的时间不确切或不知道。常用的时间副词有:ever,never,yet,still,already,Lindastillhasntfinishedherassignment.StanleyhasalreadygottenboredwiththelifehereinToronto.HaveyouevergonetoParis?b.表示过去的一个动作或反复发生的动作,其发生的时间仍在持续。常用的时间副词有:thisweek/weekend/month/year;inthepasttenyears;inmyli

25、fe;todayIhavegonetothepostofficetwicetoday.Erichastakenseveralcoursesthisyear.c.表示现在仍在进行的动作,已知动作发生的时间和持续的时间。Ourfamilyhasownedthathouseforgenerations.(Weownitnow.)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die,finish, become, get married等

26、。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He

27、 has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to h

28、is parents lastnight.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.*用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is thethat结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ev

29、er) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案B. This is the first time后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time

30、 I _ here.A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD.ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen.It is / was the first time +that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。龙岗英语（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I

31、havent received his letter for almost a month.*比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a l

32、ittle girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for twoyears.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1)(对) Tom

33、 has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, andis still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and isstill getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married sixyears ago.或Harry has been married for

34、 six years.* since的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间

35、+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.*延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10点才回来。H

36、e slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her severaltimes.A. had metB. have metC. metD. meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have beenB. had beenC. w

37、asD. will be答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。5过去完成时1）概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前那时现在2）用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been toParis.b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish,

38、 expect, think, intend,mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after,once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve,Edisonhad began to make aliving by himself.Tom was disappointed th

39、at most of the guests had leftwhen he arrived at the party.典型例题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get abook she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has leftC. hadwritten, had leftD. were writing, had left答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，

40、表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意：had nowhen还没等就had no soonerthan刚就He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.*区别一般过去时和过去完成时:二者的区别在于过去完成时表示在过去的过去所发生的动作。Marywashungrybecauseshehadnteatenbreakfast.Charlielosthiswaytothehotelalthoughhehadbeenthereafewdaysearlier.IrealizedthatIhadnteatena

41、singleFrenchFrysinceIstartedmydiet.*用一般过去时代替完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2 )两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。Our teacher told us tha

42、tColumbusdiscoveredAmericain 1492.6将来完成时1)构成will / be going to do sth.2)概念a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reachedShanghaiby this timetomorrow.7现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。常用的时间的动作：龙岗英语培训（ri

43、ght）now, at the（this）moment, atpresent,Robertisteachingatthismoment。Mendelisworkingonthefirstdraftofhisessay。Imlookingformyumbrellarightnow.Hesenjoyingaholidayrightnow.We are waiting for you.b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。常用的时间副词：these days, Nowadays,today,this semester/quarter, this week/month/yea

44、r.Hesrelaxingthisweek.Hesworkingasalibrarianthissemester.Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c.表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go,begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer.d.与always, constantly, forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动

45、作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。对一类经常发生的事情所表达的强烈情感。Hesalwayscomplaining.（他怎么总是抱怨。）Yourealwaysdancing.（你怎么总是跳舞，是不是太多了吧。）You are always changing your mind.典型例题My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere butstill_ it.A. has lost, dont findB. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent foundD. is missing, have

46、ntfound.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。*不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2)心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine,agree, rec

47、ognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer,mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 )瞬间动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide,refuse.I accept your advice.4)系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get,become, turnYou seem a little tired.8过

48、去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, fromnine to ten last evening, when, whileMy brother fell while he was riding his bicycle andhurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top

49、of the mountain, the sun wasshining.典型例题1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. madeB. is makingC. was makingD. makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.read；was fallingB. was reading；fellC. was reading；was fallingD. read；fel

50、l答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。*区别一般过去时和过去进行时:a.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作。Mybrotherwassleepingat2:00yesterdayafternoon.Myneighborsdogwasbarkingat3:00thismorning.b.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去同一时间两个同时进行的动作。与

51、之常用的时间副词:while,as ,RobertwasmovingthelawnwhileSusanwasfixingthecar.AsMichaelwasvisitingParis,RobertwasteachingEnglishclassesinBeijing.9将来进行时1)概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。龙岗英语培训机构Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说Ill be having atalk with her.2）常用的时间状

52、语Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow eveningBy this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.*一般现在时代替将来时时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, solong as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, evenif, whether, t

53、he moment, the minute, the day, the year,immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives inBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。典型例题(1）He said he_me a present unless I_ indoing the experiment.A. had not given; had not succeededB. would notgive; succeedC. will not give; succeedD. would notgive; will succ

54、eed.答案B.在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B.此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。(2)表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)*区别一般过去时和过去将来时:二者的区别在于过去将来时表示在过去打算做,但是没有做的动作.而一般过去时表示为什么没有做的原因。IwasgoingtobecomearockstarbutIdidntknowtherightpeopleinthemusicbusiness.*一般现在时代替过去时1 )书上说，报纸上说等。The newspaper says that its going to be coldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2)叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleons army now advances and the great battlebegins.*一般现在时代替完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, lea