英语语法英语语法大纲

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1、关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里语法 七剑 下天山一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall dowould do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doingWould be doing完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have donewould have done完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing略略1主动形式2被动形式二：情态动词英语中常用作主动词的有三组词 1 be am are is

2、was were been being 2 have has had having 3 do does did 另外还有shall, will, should, would虽然也是助动词，但是有时候也起到情态动词的作用，可以说是介乎助动词和情态动词之间的词。情态动词有：can could may might need must have to ought to be able to dare had better 三：非谓语动词1 分词 ：现在主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词1)一般式: Do you see the Obama talking to Julian? (与谓语动词同步发生)2

3、)完成形式：Not having made enough money, they suffered from hunger and cold. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having been changed, their life seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the person being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这两种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动

4、词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。2 不定式一）不定式的常考形式：一般形式：He decided to practice harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be allowed to dosome heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many language

5、s. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生 if I have three days to see2）不定式做状语-目的 I am happy to be here today.3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 （1）感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，整个过程，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性新概念二册 第三十五课： He saw 2

6、 thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.(强调他看见了这个事实和过程)新概念二册 第七十五课： Early next morning, she heard planes passing overhead.（强调飞机正在飞行这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.（主系表） （2） 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同（1）中的动词一样，被动以后要还原to He saw 2 thieves rush o

7、ut of a shop. 被动_ I have my package weighed. 被动_四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.

8、 begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close to; be dedicated to; be opposed to; be similar

9、to.注意：need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging.新概念二册 第四十四课：书包的背带需要修理_3 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 Seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 Sleeping beauty is charming.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from bein

10、g solved.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyour calling Dyoure calling 4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue;

11、dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 另外还有一些接-ing形

12、式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5）有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing，意义截然不同。I remembered to post the l

13、etters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my

14、father would not allow me to. 打算、想 我想去但父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）四 虚拟语气这时虚拟语气的产生往往是要表达 “本来应该/可能/可以，而现在却还没有”。1. 与现在相

15、反：使用过去时：I wish I were not here!(一般现在一般过去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般现在一般过去)Hope I werent always losing things!(现在进行过去进行)If only/If I hadnt been there!(现在完成过去完成)What if I hadnt been waiting right here!(现在完成进行过去完成进行)常考句型：Its (high) time (that); would rather (that)

16、 这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。和现在事实相反假设：If+_, 主语+_2. 与过去相反：过去完成时； How nice it is if I had past the test! How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!和过去事实相反假设：If+_, 主语+_3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。和将来事实相反假设：If+_, 主语+_4虚拟条件句if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）；主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词woul

17、d，少数情况下使用could/might/should。注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。5 一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;require, request, insist, suspect.由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引

18、起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词引起的从句还有其他的变形：Its suggested thatMy suggestion is thatThe only suggestion that.The only suggestion I can give you now is that 6 一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况important; necessary; essentialItsnatural; strange; incrediblethata pity; a shame; no wonder由lest, for fear that, in c

19、ase 引起的从句中多使用should7 用“情态动词have done”表示对过去动作推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。 a must have done：只能用于肯定句中, 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了”， 其否定形式为cant/ could have done 疑问式为CanCould.have done b当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这种结构常见的有： should have done ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际

20、上没有做。 should not have done ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如： I was really anxious about you You home without a word (2001) A mustnt leave B shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D neednt leave I told Sally how

21、 to get here, but perhaps I for her (94)A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it outIs John coming by trainHe should,but he not,He likes driving his car A must B can C need D mayI hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a look

22、Yes, certainly A Do B May C Shall D ShouldMr. Bush is on time for everything How it be that he was late for the opening ceremony A can B should C may D must Are you coming to Jeffs partyIm not sure I go to the concert instead A must B would C should D might I should have been there, but I not find t

23、he time A would B could C might D should Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself A wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; shouldnt Will you stay for lunchSorry, My brother is coming to see me A I mustnt B I cant C I neednt D I wont Could I borrow your dictionary Yes, of course

24、you A might B will C can D should The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get outA had to B would C could D was able toShall I tell John about it No, you Ive told him already A neednt B wouldnt C mustnt D shouldnt 五：一致关系主谓一致原则：1就前原则： n.+togetherwith,aswellas,including, alongwith,

25、 with/of, accompaniedwith/by 2就近原则： n1orn2+v eithern1orn2 3复数结构： 可数n1and可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1and不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：warandpeaceiswarandpeace是一个整体 但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is

26、coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.类似的还有：lawandorderbreadand butterblackandwhite Toloveandtobelovedis Alawyerandateacherare Alawyerandteacheris 4就后原则：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB + v.(与B一致) 5倒装结构的主谓一致： a）Therebe+n由名词决定动词 b）Among,between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： Among/Between+系动词+n.（由名词

27、决定动词） 六：倒装a全部倒装 句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes.Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是b

28、e的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is.Here you are.3）表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装 In（表语）+系动词+主，主同。*常考介词要倒装：amongbetweeninatbeneath 常考的系动词：belieexistremainrest b部分倒装否定 adv 位于句首便会引起倒装。如：notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely, seldom,rarely,nosoonerthan 1）notuntil+时间+主谓倒装，notuntil+句子+主谓倒装 2）only+状语位于句首 only+ad.eg:recentl

29、y prep.短语eg:inrecentlyyears 从句eg:whenclause only一个词本身不倒装 3) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。as让步虽然，尽管词序倒装。语气比 though 强。 Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。Women as she is, shes every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.4) 其他部分倒

30、装 so that 句型中的so; such that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.七：复合句从句虽然不能单独成句，但也有主语和谓语部分。从句由一个关联词引导。从句可分为：名词性从句 主语从

31、句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词性从句 定语从句副词性从句 状语从句常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding 定语从句： 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：一、引导定语从句。 二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。引导定从的关系词有关系代词that，which，who，whose，和关系副词when，where和why。 1. 修饰物

32、时关联词多用that和which，通常可互换，但在下列情况下，只用that不用which：先行词为all, everything, nothing等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句that用引导。 注：something后一般用which。 Is there anything that you want to explain? In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only, very, none, no, li

33、ttle, few, much等修饰时This is the only reason that I can say. / This is the first step that can be taken. It is the best one that you may choose. c. 先行词既指人又指物时。My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember .d .不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。 He

34、is no longer the man that he was. e. 为了避免重复，例如：Which was the hotel that was on fire last night?下列情况只用whicha. 只有which能引导非限制性定语从句 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerfulb. 介词后只能用which This is the book for which you asked.2. way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in which； b.一般

35、情况下用that； c. in which和that省去。 a. I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. b. Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. c. Thats the way I looked at it. 3.先行词是表示地点的名词时（country, school, room），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。which前介

36、词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 The room where (=in which) he used to live has now been turned into a museum. The desk where (= ) I put my bag is his. 4.先行词是表示时间的名词（year, month, day, night），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 5关于as引导定语从句的问题 as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the

37、sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。 1）as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。 He married the girl，as (which)was natural. 不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl. 2）.在the sameas, suchas, asas结构中，same, such , as之后应是名词或形容词名词。 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. We hope t

38、o get such a tool as he is using. 3）.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较： This is the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只） 注意事项 1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。 2.在限制性定语从句中which, whom, that充当宾语时，可以省略

39、。而在非限制性定语从句中whom, who, which不能省略。 3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。4.the reason 可以用why或for which引导定语从句也可以用that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。 This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that) he was late. 5.“one of可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one of可数名词复数”前有the，only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。(即one前无the

40、用复数，one前有the用单数)He is one of the students who study very hard at school. He is the (only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.状语从句中常用的引导词o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely

41、/barely when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地点状语从句：where; wherevero 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact thato 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though;o 比较状语从句：as;

42、 than; as as; not so as;o 结果状语从句：so that; so that; such that; o 条件状语从句：if; unless; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that; giving that.o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact thato 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in caseo关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里