必修四第二、三、四单元语法

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1、动词ing的用法一. 动名词做主语的用法 动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作, 在口语中也可以表示具体的动作。如： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实Helping her is my duty. 帮助她是我的责任Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。 动名词做主语和不定式做主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语。如： Its rather tiring walking around in a city.不定式做主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作。如： Its no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 He realize

2、d that to go on like this was wrong.二. 动名词作宾语的用法 1有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如admit, appreciate, avoid，cant stand（不能忍受）, consider，delay, devote to, dislike enjoy，escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine. insist on, keep (on), look forward to, mention, mind, miss（错过）, pay att

3、ention to, practice, put off, stick to, suggest等等。 Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操对你的健康有好处。Her shoes want mending. 她的鞋该修理了。注意: 当 need, want, require, worth后面接doing也可以表示被动。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。I have finished writing this book. 我已经写完这

4、本书了。2. 在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则构成“allowadviseforbidpermit 名词代词不定式（宾语补足语）”之形式。如： We dont allow smoking here We dont allow anybody to smoke here 3. 动词need, require, want意为“需要”时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如： The window needsrequireswants cleaningto be cleaned 4. 在begin, c

5、ontinue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用动名词和 用不定式作宾语均可，意义没有多大区别。 5. 动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, cant help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，须注意。 forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事go on to do 接着做另一件事 mean doing 意味着要做某事mean to do 想

6、要做某事 stop doing 停止做某事stop to do 停下来（别的事）开始做某事try doing 试着做某事try to do 努力做某事be used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能帮助做某事Exercise:1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish _ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired2. Have you forgotten

7、_$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing3. The classroom wants _. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning4.Jack said that he wouldnt mind _ for us. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. w

8、aited5.My brother keeps _ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped6. We should often practise _ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking7. Keep on _ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. to try D. trying8. His parents insist on _ to college. A. he should

9、go B. he go C. his going D. him to go9. Though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth _. A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it10. I regret _ that to her. A. having said B. to have said C. to say 11. Your clothes need _. A. washed B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washed12. _ provides us

10、with essential nutrients (营养), while _ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Eating; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed-ing 形式作定语, 宾语补足语和表语的用法一、-ing形式作定语 1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如：building materials = materials for building 建筑材料drinking

11、water = water for drinking 饮用水a walking stick = a stick for walking 手杖a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a writing desk = a desk for writing 写字台tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果 2. -ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如：They l

12、ived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。The man standing there is Peters father. = The man who is standing there is Peters father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.

13、在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which

14、was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. 那棵苹果树硕果累累，在微风中轻轻摇曳。二、-ing形式作宾语补足语 1. 1) 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。如： When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 I found a bag lying on the ground. 我发现地板上放着一个

15、包。 The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那老板让工人整夜地工作。2）当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如：They found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying. 这个结果很令人满意。They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard singing in the next room. 有人听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。We must

16、nt keep them waiting.= They mustnt be kept waiting. 千万不能让他们等。2. 能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词: 1) 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。如： We saw a light burning in the window. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. Can you smell anything burning? As he spoke

17、, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. Listen to the birds singing. I didnt notice him waiting. 2) 表示指使意义的动词，常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：I wont have you doing that. This set me thinking.Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I cant get the clock going again.You wont catch me doi

18、ng that again.你看吧，我决不会做那种事了。 3. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别： 前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示（或强调）动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:We passed by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment. 我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。（只在走过教室的刹那间，看见老师正在做实验）We sat an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment. 我们坐了一个小时，看老师

19、做实验。（一个小时之内一直在看老师作实验） 如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定式短语表示一次动作， 而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如： We heard the door slam. We heard the door slamming. 三、-ing形式作表语 -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。如：Her hobby is painting. 她的业余爱好是画画。My job is looking after the children. 我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。His concern for his mother is most t

20、ouching. 他对母亲的关爱很感人。练习：Choose the suitable words from the box below and fill in the blanks in the correct form. astonish, depress， play, do, ride, amuse, bark, welcome1. I cant imagine Billy _ a motorbike. 2. Did you hear the dog downstairs _ for most of the night?3. Frank is very good at telling fu

21、nny jokes. He can be very _. 4. You cant stop me _ what I want. 5. He gave me a _ hug when he met me at the airport. 6. Jim has really learnt very fast. She has made _ progress.7. Its been raining all day. This weather is _.8. When I came out of the theatre, I noticed a group of children _ musical i

22、nstruments across the street. -ing作状语, 可以表示时间, 原因, 结果,条件, 行为方式或伴随动作等。Using your head, youll find a good way. (条件)1) Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way. = Four people enter the room and looked around in a curious way. ( 伴随动作)2) Being poor, he couldnt afford a TV set. (原因)3)

23、Working hard, youll surely succeed. （条件）4) The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch. （伴随）5) He came running back to tell me the news. （方式）6) (When) Hearing the news, he got frightened.= When he heard the news, he got frightened. (时间, 可以在分词前保留when ) 7) The child slipped and fell, hi

24、tting his head against the door. （结果） 注意：-ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. (分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。)You see her step back appearing surprised.= You see her step back and she appears surprised.They also expr

25、ess their feelings using unspoken language.=They also express their feelings by the way of using unspoken language.His nose touched Mr. Cooks moving hand.=His nose touched Mr. Cooks hand which is moving.They are visitors coming from several countries.= They are visitors who come from several countri

26、es.Rewrite the following sentences.1. When he approached Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. _ _ Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. 2. The person who is translating the songs can speak seven languages. The person _ _ _can speak seven languages.3. The boy standing there i

27、s reading a book about body language. The boy _ _ _ there is reading a book about body language.4. Because he comes from Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question. _ _ Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question.5. She sat at the desk and did her homework. She sat at the desk _ _ _.用所给动词的适当形式填空。

28、1. Not _(know) his address, I couldnt go to see him yesterday.2. Look out for cars when _(cross) the street.3. Not _ (invite) to the party, Mary was greatly hurt.4. He dived into the water, _ (leave) only his face exposed.5. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _ (read) “Sorry to miss you; I will call later.”4