中美交通运输统计差异比较

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1、Comparison and improvement of Transportation Statisticsbetween the United States and ChinaIn the process of speeding up the modernization, the transportation industry in China is facing an important historical leap-forward development tasks. Under the modern context of the information society, the h

2、ealthy development of transportation depends on the information from transportation development strategy formulation of the national level to transport planning of the regional level. Business and personal decision-making are as well as increasingly depend on full, accurate and efficient transportat

3、ion statistics, particularly in the transportation of speeding the development into a period of focusing on building both form and function. After the transformation of emphasizing the construction of vector quantity to the period of promoting both the quality and quantity, the full and effective tr

4、ansport statistics seems more important. How to adapt to the development of modern statistical techniques, satisfy the information needs of the Information Age subject to the transport industry demand for statistical information, and providing accurate, efficient and comprehensive industry statistic

5、s is the major issue that transportation statistics should do. This passage is based on the status of American transportation statistics. We will do a basic review and analysis of transportation statistics of American in order to fully draw on the success of the U.S. experiences of transportation st

6、atistics, so that we can come up with the suggestion of improvements to the transportation statistics in our country.1. The situation of Transportation Statistics at home and abroad1.1 The situation of transportation in our countryThere exists three independent parts in the work of Transportation St

7、atistics in our county. the Ministry of Railways in charge of rail transportation statistics, the Ministry of Traffic in charge of statistics of highway ，waterborne and civil aviation transportation, and China National Petroleum Corporation is responsible for the pipe transportation statistics with

8、China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation. The National Bureau of Statistics as a government department is responsible for comprehensive transportation statistics. In the actual statistics, we often use the sampling survey, although highway transportation statistics survey system is consists by the s

9、tatistical reporting system together with the sampling method. Highway traffic sampling program has a monthly and annual survey programs, the main survey engage in transport business in the non-independent accounting units and units of non-commercial transport and private vehicles owned by the compl

10、etion of road traffic. Implementation of a stratified random sampling, we are mean to the data of passengers (cargo) volume, turnover index data. The survey approach to the investigators by asking the cars owners directly as the visit household survey, which fill out the questionnaire in an intervie

11、w by the investigators. Surveys in the waterborne transportation system, using statistical reporting system combined with the method of sampling, that is, the large enterprises in accordance with the water contact Enterprise statistical reporting system provides for a comprehensive survey of regular

12、 statistical reporting system; but the other waterborne transportation enterprises and individual households implement a sampling survey. In sample survey, we will take the advantage of tonnage and the auxiliary variable stratified or simple random sampling and stratified, PPS sampling. Sample of ob

13、jects includes enterprises and individual households owned ships of the traffic sector and non-traffic sector. In the layered approach, it is first stratified by region, and then ships it to regional commercial or not. We do it at least twice a year at present as usual, one on the first half and one

14、 on another on t. We will transform it gradually to the monthly sample survey all around the year. Rail transportation statistics which includes daily, monthly and so on is finished through statistical reporting system. In the design of the Branch Railway Bureau, Railway Bureau located and Statistic

15、s Department is responsible for rail transport statistics. Statistical indicators include the number of visitors, luggage package weight, cargo weight, turnover, average passenger trip, luggage and parcel average leg, the average fortune of goods, transport density. Airt PTTtransportation statistics

16、 have a special department of aviation business statistics, which has the implementation of unified leadership and decentralized management structure responsible for the statistics. The survey project is divided into three categories, namely general industry statistics, sector statistics and profess

17、ional statistics. This is determined by high technology and professional business statistical in civil aviation industry statistics.1.2 Status of the U.S. Transportation StatisticsIn America, the transportation statistics mainly are guided by Bureau of Transportation Statistics, which belongs to the

18、 State Ministry of Communications. Bureau of Transportation Statistics is founded by the U.S. Department of Transportation in 1992. Their duties are to collect the statistical data that U.S. Department of Transportation requires, and to ensure availability, objectivity and integrity of these data to

19、 the system for analyzing the data with system point. There isnt exists specifically statistical departments of transportation corresponding the work of transportation statistics in all of the states, but by the relevant departments who is responsible for data collection and estimation to meet the s

20、tates Bureau of Transportation Statistics survey work. Sector at the national level, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics will also coordinate with other departments to carry out specific statistics. Before 1992, the U.S. Transportation Statistics has been the industry associations or community a

21、gencies according to the users needs to do some special transportation statistics. But in 1991, promulgated the Multimodal Ground Transportation Efficiency Act requires establishing the Bureau of Transportation Statistics within the Department of Transportation, who is responsible for collecting req

22、uired statistical data and ensuring the applicability, objectivity and integrity of these data. With the Bureau of Transportation Statistics established, much fruitful work carried out, constituting the transportation system of statistical methods which includes statistical reports, comprehensive in

23、vestigation and special investigation. They also designed the upper and lower levels of traffic and transportation system of statistical projects, the first level is Bureau of Transportation Statistics and other relevant institutions and organizations across the countrys transportation statistics pr

24、ojects, and the second level is local or small-scale investigation organized by the local state, trade association or social intermediary organizations,2. The differences between China and foreign Transportation Statistics2.1 The content and indicators of statisticsStatistical indicators are one of

25、the cores of the survey issues. Good or bad set of statistical indicators system, will related to the quality and completeness of the content directly. In the point of view of contents of statistics and index system, the transportation statistics in foreign countries count the results of output and

26、pay more attention to count the features of transportation products at the same time. Statistics in our country major in passenger traffic, passenger turnover and several other very limited set of indicators, reflecting only the basic transportation volume production situation, but reflects the tran

27、sportation properties of the product is not enough so that brings us an inconvenience in the related applications of the data. U.S. Department of Transportation covers a wide range of statistical indicators, covering almost all aspects of transportation and divided into two categories: physical indi

28、cators and value terms. Physical indicators include transportation system, equipment parts, system status and passenger and freight turnover. Value terms include transportation and the economy, transportation expenses, transportation income, employment and productivity, government finance and other

29、parts.2.2The concept of transportation statistics developmentThe development goals and functions of Transportation Statistics in China are more to stay in the planned economy era and limited to the transportation sector reflects the outcome of the internal output. While lacking reflects the economic

30、al connection between the industries and it means little to the building of an integrated transportation system and planning reference for the construction of transportation. In the concept of transportation statistics development in foreign countries, they position transportation statistics to supp

31、ort the development of transportation and social-economic development. And thus at the angle of the coordinated development of various modes of transportation and optimization of the overall national economic system, they combine the various modes of transportation statistics organically from the st

32、atistics projects, statistical content, statistical indicator system on the coordination and complementarities and form the transportation statistics system of fully supporting transportation development and social-economic development.2.3 The integrity of transportation statisticsIn China, with man

33、y yearsdevelopment, our statistics has improved a lot, but the shortcomings still exist. Due to the weak theoretical basis of transport statistics, transportation statistics showing projects with feature of small and scattered, the focus of balance, lack of system and other shortcomings. Transportat

34、ion Statistics often focus on data collection while ignore data analysis, thus affecting the statistical validity. While foreign countries, they have paid more attention to statistics and after long-term improvement, there have formed transportation statistical project consisting of the conventional

35、 and special statistical items. And a series of rather complete statistical mechanisms including the formation of data collection, data management, statistical analysis, data dissemination are also formed. The projects in statistics, statistical data collection, collation and depth of mining, publis

36、hing statistics they set up have a very good system security, and each link can be fully appreciated.2.4 The application of modern technologyAttaching great importance to the application of modern technology in their work abroad, they are mean to improve statistical efficiency and statistical level.

37、 Through the use of modern technology, not only can greatly improve the statistical efficiency and reduce costs, more importantly, it can carry out more information than that under the original technical level can not be carried out. In the U.S, since 1999, the federal Department of Transportations

38、Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed the first U.S. cargo for a comprehensive public database, which was constructed based on its freight analysis framework. By freight analysis framework, we can get the cargo density analysis data of all kinds of transportation modes. In China, the lack

39、of scientific and technological input leads the transportation statistics in our country lives in a more primitive state and it greatly affects the efficiency and level statistics.3 Work to improve the recommendations of Transportation Statistics.3.1 To enrich statistical project, the statistical co

40、ntent and improve the statistical indicators.With the development and maturity of relevant theories, the original statistical data may not be able to meet the requirements when we do research. We need more detailed classification, more accurate data, and the content of statistics should also be chan

41、ged along. The legalistic and rigid certainly can not meet the requirements of the times. Statistical indicators of data are the core of the survey. The appropriate set of statistical indicators system is directly related to the statistical results of the quality and completeness of the content. Tra

42、nsport of statistical indicators to be involved in all aspects of transportation, making transportation statistics to provide more complete information can reflect the face of economic activities, transportation. Statistics should also focus on the development of transport links with the national ec

43、onomy, and focus on transport to play the guiding role of national economic development. Transportation Statistics should focus on service goals to enrich the content of Transportation Statistics. Through the design, the new Transportation Statistics to carry out the project, the expansion of existi

44、ng statistical project content, etc. In the index design, Value of statistical indicators should be focused on strengthening the statistical and enrich the daily transportation of statistical indicators, and pay attention to indicators of product characteristics for Transport statistics. Besides, la

45、unch a number of special investigations on the special data.3.2 The emphasis on statistics, modern statistical techniques to enhance the research and application.The reality before us, the statistics were not taken seriously. First, we should pay attention to traffic statistics from the ideological,

46、 and each component of the statistical work should be managed by specialized personnel. Put emphasis on intelligence research on science and technology statistics and promote high-tech products in the application of the data collection process. Actively communicate with the areas or countries whose

47、intelligent traffic is of high levels. Information of Foreign transport to a large extent is due to a large number of rich data analysis and comparison. Transportation Statistics in China must pay attention to the depth of analysis and data mining. On the basis of full demonstration, boldly introduc

48、e modern statistical techniques and methods and focus on the diversity of statistical methods. Considering the adaptability of different statistical methods and techniques, we should make a balance in the economy and efficiency. Figure out the things behind the development of the data status, trends

49、 and laws. Realize the function of road transport statistics.3.3 The survey carried out in accordance with law, to ensure the accuracy of the data.Since many departments involved in statistical work, how can the relevant departments are able to consciously and accurately record data, is a very promi

50、nent problem. Coordinating the relationship between the various departments should be valued. Establish and improve relevant systems, and make the records of the relevant data into their work content. Establish and improve the system which information is required to provide each other, so that stati

51、stical units and all relevant departments can be a unity. Only that can each department use the accurate statistics rationally and timely. Transportation Statistics laws and regulations is an important prerequisite and security for the smooth progress of work. from the data planning, data collection

52、 procedures to the organization and implementation of data collection and then data release, Transport statistics should be carried out under the relevant laws and regulations and have a complete set of laws and regulations to regulate. First, strengthen the Statistics Law in the transport sector en

53、forcement. Severely crack down on illegal cases of Statistics and keep the absolute protection of the dignity of statistical laws and regulations through inspection of law enforcement. Second should be targeted to develop specific laws and regulations of Transportation Statistics. To make transporta

54、tion statistics there are laws to go by, and ensure the statistical work carried out with provide real protection. The third is to provide statistical data timely related to transport a large degree to transport authorities. Do the best to review and evaluate Transportation Statistics data, and stri

55、ctly control the quality of statistical data. In accordance with the law in the national policy environment, efforts to promote the structure of transportation statistics laws and regulations, promoting the work of Transportation Statistics legislative process, making the transport statistics there

56、are laws to go by.在加快现代化建设的进程中，我国交通运输业面临着跨越式发展的重要历史 任务，在此过程中，在现代信息社会的宏观背景下，交通运输业每一步的健康发 展，上至国家层面的交通运输发展战略制定，下至区域层面的交通运输规划乃至 企业和个人的决策，都越来越依赖于充分、准确、有效的交通运输统计信息，尤 其是我国的交通运输经过一段时期的超速发展后，进入到注重形态建设与功能建 设并重，强调量的建设向量与质并重的转变阶段后，充分有效的交通运输统计信 息更是显得十分重要。如何适应于现代统计技术的发展，满足信息时代下各信息 需求主体对交通运输行业统计信息的需求，提供准确、高效、完备的行业

57、统计信 息，是交通运输统计亟待解决的重大课题。本文通过对美国交通运输统计现状的 考察，以对美国的交通运输统计做一个基本的审视与分析，充分借鉴美国交通运 输统计的成功经验，提出改进并完善我国交通运输统计的建议。1 国内外交通运输统计现状1.1 我国交通运输统计现状目前，由于五大现代运输方式的管理部门不同，我国交通运输统计工作形成 了相互独立的三大块，即铁道部负责统计铁路运输，交通运输部负责统计公路、 水路运输和民用航空运输，而管道运输统计则由中国石油天然气集团公司和中国 石油化工集团公司分别负责。国家统计局作为政府综合统计部门，主要是负责综 合交通运输统计工作。在具体的运输方式统计中，公路运输统

58、计调查体系由统计 报表制度和抽样调查方法共同组成，实际中主要采用抽样调查方法。公路运输量 抽样调查方案有半年一次方案和分月调查方案，主要调查从事营业性运输非独立 核算单位和从事非营业性运输的单位以及私人所拥有的车辆所完成的公路运输 量。实施中采用分层随机抽样，主要获得旅客（货物）运量、周转量指标数据， 同时可获得的参考指标数据有燃油消耗、工作率、实载率、里程利用率、平均运 距、吨（客）位月度运输量等。调查方式以调查员直接访问车主的“访户调查” 为主，由调查员在访问中填写调查表。水路运输统计调查体系中，采用的是统计 报表制度和抽样调查相结合的方法，即大型企业按照水运联系企业统计报表制 度的规定实

59、行全面调查的定期统计报表制度；未执行统计报表制度的水运企业 和个体运输户实行抽样调查。抽样调查中，采用以“船舶吨位为辅助变量”的“分 层、简单随机抽样比估计”和“分层、PPS抽样”。抽样对象包括交通部门、非 交通部门集体企事业单位及个体（联）户拥有的运输船舶。分层方法中首先按地 区分层，对地区层再按船舶是否营业性分层。目前一年至少两次，上、下半年各 一次，以后将逐步过渡到全年每月进行抽样调查。铁路运输统计通过统计报表制 度来完成。统计报表制度包括日报、月报等。在各铁路分局设计统科，铁路局设 统计处，负责铁路运输的统计工作。统计的指标主要包括旅客人数（发送、到达、 运送人数）、行李包裹重量、货物

60、重量（发送、到达、运送吨数）、周转量（旅客 周转量、行李包裹周转量、货物周转量、换算周转量）、旅客平均行程、行李包 裹平均运程、货物平均运程、运输密度等。航空运输统计有专门的航空业务统计 管理部门，实行统一领导、分级负责的统计管理体制，其统计调查项目分为三类， 即行业综合统计、部门统计和专业统计。主要是根据民航行业技术含量高、各业 务部门专业统计较为复杂的特点确定的。1.2 美国交通运输统计现状在美国，运输统计的组织体系主要由国家交通部下属的运输统计局来统领。运输统计局 由美国交通部在 1992 年创办。其职责是搜集美国交通部所需的统计数据，并确保这些数据 的实用性、客观性和整体性，以系统的观

61、点来进行数据分析。在各州并没有专门的运输统计 部门与之对应专司运输统计工作，而是由各州的相关部门来配合运输统计局的统计调查工 作，负责数据的搜集、估算。同时在国家部门的层面上，运输统计局亦通过与其他部门的协 调来进行专项的统计。1992 年以前， 美国交通运输统计一直是由行业协会或社会 机构根据用户的需要进行一些专项运输统计。但是在 1991 年颁布的“多方式地 面运输效率法案”中要求在运输部内成立运输统计局，负责搜集所需的统计数据， 并确保这些数据的适用性、客观性和完整性。运输统计局成立后，开展了大量卓 有成效的工作，构成了包括统计报表、全面调查和专项调查在内的交通运输统计 方法体系， 并设

62、计了上下两层的交通运输统计项目体系，其中第一层次是由美 国运输部下属的运输统计局与其他相应机构组织的全国范围内的运输统计项目， 第二层次是地方各州、行业协会或社会中介机构组织的局部或者小范围的调查。在统计指标体系上，。统计指标是统计调查的核心关键问题之一，统计指标 体系设置的好坏直接关系到统计成果的好坏与内容的完备。也是最能体现统计质 量的方面之一。美国交通运输统计指标范围相当广泛，基本涵盖了交通运输的各 个方面，分为两大类：实物量指标与价值量指标。实物量指标中又包括运输系统、 设备部分、系统状况、客货周转量等四大部分，而价值量指标包括运输与经济、 运输支出、运输收入、就业及生产率、政府财政等

63、部分。每部分里又包括几十项 具体指标，共计几百项指标。2 中外交通运输统计差异比较2.1 运输统计发展的理念我国交通运输统计的发展目标、功能定位更多地停留在计划经济时代， 局 限于交通运输行业内部产出成果的反映上，而对行业间的经济联系反映不够，对 构建综合运输体系、协调规划建设交通设施的参考意义有限。而在国外，在发展 理念上就将交通运输统计定位于支撑交通运输发展和社会经济发展，因而以各运 输方式的协调发展、整体国民经济体系的优化为视角， 将各运输方式的统计有 机地结合起来，从统计项目、统计内容、统计指标体系上相互协调、互相补充， 形成了能充分支持交通运输发展与社会经济发展的运输统计体系。2.2

64、 统计内容从统计内容与指标体系上看，国外的交通运输统计在统计运输产出成果的同 时，更注重运输产品特性的统计。我国主要统计客（货）运输量、客（货）周转 量等几个相当有限的指标，仅反映交通运输基本的物量产出情况，而对运输产品 的特性反映不够，给数据的相关应用带来不便。而国外相当重视运输产品特性的 统计，如美国对公路运输统计中有关运输产品特性的指标包括：货物价值、货物 种类、货物重量、旅客出行类型、时间价值等相当丰富的内容。2.3 运输统计的完整性由于国外对运输统计十分重视，经过长期地发展完善，建立起了由常规统计 项目与专项统计项目构成的运输统计项目，形成了包括数据搜集、数据整理、统 计分析、数据发

65、布等一系列相当完整的统计机制，并且从统计项目的设立、统计 数据的搜集、整理和深度挖掘、统计数据的发布等都有非常完善的制度保障，每 个环节都能得到充分的重视。而在我国，由于运输统计理论基础研究薄弱，交通 运输统计呈现出项目少且分散、工作重点失衡、体系性不足的缺点。交通运输统 计工作往往重数据搜集，轻数据分析，影响了统计工作的有效性。2.4 现代科技的应用国外十分重视应用现代科技以提高统计效率和统计水平。通过采用现代科 技，不但能大幅度提高统计效率，降低成本， 更重要的能进行诸多在原有技术 水平下无法开展的统计。在美国，从 1999 年起，联邦运输部的联邦公路局(FHWA)开发了美国首个面向公众的

66、全面的货运数据库，构建了以其为基础的 货运分析框架。通过货运分析框架，可以得到各种运输方式的货运密度分布等分 析结果数据。而我国由于交通运输统计科技投入不足，使得现有的交通运输统计 中现代科技的应用很不足，处在较为原始的状态，极大地影响了交通运输统计的 效率和水平。3 改进我国交通运输统计工作的建议3.1 丰富统计项目，充实统计内容，完善统计指标随着相关理论的发展和成熟，在进行设计和科研时，原有的统计数据可能就 不能满足要求了，需要分类更细，精度更高的数据，统计工作的内容，也应随之 发生变化，墨守陈规，一成不变肯定是不能适应时代的要求。统计指标的数据信 息是统计调查的核心。统计指标体系设置的适当与否直接关系到统计成果的好坏 与内容的完备。运输统计指标要涉及到交通运输的方方面面，使得交通运输统计 提供的信息能较为完整地反映交通运