综合学术英语教程2Unit

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1、Unit 6,Fraud and Academic Dishonesty,In this unit, you will learn about the concepts “academic integrity” and “academic dishonesty”; research “Dr. Hwang Woo Suk” on the Internet and find reliable information; learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writin

2、g and speech; learn strategies such as listening for emphasis (listening), guessing word meanings from lexical clues (reading), giving evidence for arguments (discussing), and achieving coherence (writing), etc; give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,Background Information,Appr

3、oaching the Topic,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercises,Background Information,about Academic Integrity,the Healthpartners Research Foundation,Hwang Woo Suk,the Committee on Publication Ethics,Science,Nature,about Academic Integrity,Integrity without knowledge is weak and

4、useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. Samuel Johnson The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The most dangerous criminal may b

5、e the man gifted with reason, but with no morals We must remember that intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus characterthat is the goal of true education. Martin Luther King, Jr.,Hwang Woo Suk is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnolog

6、y at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two

7、 articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. He was called the Pride of Korea in South Korea. On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much

8、of his stem cell research had been faked. The Korea Times reported on June 10, 2007, that Seoul National University fired him, and the South Korean government canceled his financial support and barred him from engaging in stem cell research.,Hwang Woo Suk,HealthPartners is an integrated, nonprofit h

9、ealth care provider located in Bloomington, Minnesota offering care, coverage, research and education to its members, patients and the community. HealthPartners was founded in 1957 as Group Health, a consumer-governed nonprofit health plan with a board of directors made up of its own members and pat

10、ients. In 1992, Group Health merged with MedCenters Health Plan, and together they formed HealthPartners. In late 2012 it was announced that HealthPartners would merge with Park Nicollet Health Services of St. Louis Park on January 1, 2013 following federal approval,the Healthpartners Research Found

11、ation,Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and is one of the worlds top scientific journals. The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880, is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber

12、base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people. The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news

13、, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. A

14、ccording to the Journal Citation Reports, Sciences 2012 impact factor was 31.027.,Science,Nature is a prominent interdisciplinary scientific journal. It was first published on 4 November 1869. It was ranked the worlds most cited by the Science Edition of the 2010 Journal Citation Reports and is wide

15、ly regarded as one of the few remaining academic journals that publish original research across a wide range of scientific fields. Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 total readers. The journal has a circulation of around 53,000 but studies have concluded that on average a single copy is sha

16、red by as many as 8 people.,Nature,Research scientists are the primary audience for the journal, but summaries and accompanying articles are intended to make many of the most important papers understandable to scientists in other fields and the educated general public. Towards the front of each issu

17、e are editorials, news and feature articles on issues of general interest to scientists, including current affairs, science funding, business, scientific ethics and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books and arts. The remainder of the journal consists mostly of research papers (art

18、icles or letters), which are often dense and highly technical. Because of strict limits on the length of papers, often the printed text is actually a summary of the work in question with many details relegated to accompanying supplementary material on the journals website.,Nature,The Committee on Pu

19、blication Ethics (COPE) is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to define best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors, publishers, etc. to achieve this. COPE provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to h

20、andle cases of research and publication misconduct. It also provides a forum for its members to discuss individual cases (meeting four times a year virtually and at other meetings around the world). COPE does not investigate individual cases but encourages editors to ensure that cases are investigat

21、ed by the appropriate authorities (usually a research institution or employer). COPE also offers and eLearning course, funds research on publication ethics, publishes a monthly eNewsletter (COPE Digest: Publication Ethics in Practice) and organises annual seminars around the world.,the Committee on

22、Publication Ethics,retract v. to pull (something) back into something larger that usually covers it e.g. The pilot retracted the planes landing gear. n. retraction impact n. the act or force of one thing hitting another e.g. These warnings have been heard so often that they have lost their impact. r

23、esignation n. an act of giving up a job or position in a formal or official way e.g. The manager received resignations from three members of the staff. v. resign,Approaching the Topic Reading 1/Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,detrimental adj. causing d

24、amage or injury e.g. There were serious concerns that the factorys waste was detrimental to the local environment. taint v. to make (something) dangerous or dirty especially by adding something harmful or undesirable to it e.g. Criticism of her sisters singing that was tainted by envy. bottleneck n.

25、 a section of road or highway where the traffic moves very slowly e.g. Bridge construction has created a bottleneck on the southern part of Main Street.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,fabricate v. to create or make up (something, such as a s

26、tory) in order to trick people e.g. Their plan is to fabricate the house out of synthetic materials. fraud n. the crime of using dishonest methods to take something valuable from another person e.g. He was found guilty of bank fraud. modify v. to change some parts of (something) while not changing o

27、ther parts e.g. We can help you modify an existing home or build a new one. n. modification,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,cherry-picking n. to pick or accept the best people or things in a group e.g. Hollywoods biggest stars can cherry-pick

28、 the best projects and directors. selectively adv. carefully choose only the best people or things e.g. The advertisement selectively targets men between the ages of 18 and 24. v. select acquisition n. something or someone acquired or gained e.g. The big companys newest acquisition is a small chain

29、of clothing stores.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,admittedly adv. as has been or must be admitted e.g. Admittedly, I should not have lost my temper like that. v. admit constraint n. something that limits or restricts someone or something e.

30、g. Lack of funding has been a major constraint on the buildings design. v. constrain molecular adj. of or relating to individual or small components e.g. She studied molecular biology in college.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,narrative n. a

31、 story that is told or written e.g. He is writing a detailed narrative of his life on the island. v. narrate straddle v. to sit or ride with a leg on either side of (something) e.g. The movie straddles too many genres. sloppy adj. not careful or neat : showing a lack of care, attention, or effort e.

32、g. Your work has been very sloppy lately. erroneous adj. not correct e.g. A news article about the new virus that was filled with much erroneous information.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,discernible adj. to detect with the eyes e.g. Her fa

33、ce was barely discernible in the gloom. v. discern intent n. the thing that you plan to do or achieve : an aim or purpose e.g. She thinks Im trying to make things difficult for her, but thats not my intent. deficiency n. a lack of something that is needed : the state of not having enough of somethin

34、g necessary e.g. The books major deficiency is its poor plot. adj. deficient,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1) Why have so many papers been retracted from high impact journals? Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive research env

35、ironment can lead to scientific misconduct. 2) Why should we combat scientific misconduct? Because misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.,Approaching the Topic Task 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,3) What does the meta-analysis published in 2

36、009 covering 18 fraud surveys imply? It suggests that scientific misconduct may be more common than we suspect. 4) In what situation are deficiencies resulting from poor experimental design and inadequately controlled or statistically questionable experiments considered misconduct? If there is disce

37、rnible intent to deceive.,Approaching the Topic Task 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1) misconduct 2) retract 3) detrimental 4) taint 5) fraudulent 6) fabricate 7) cherry-picking 8) coverage,Approaching the Topic Task 2,e. unacceptable or bad behaviour by someone in

38、 a position of authority or responsibility,h. take back an offer or statement, etc. or admit that a statement was false,m. causing harm or damage,k. affect with a bad or undesirable quality,n. dishonest and illegal,i. invent or produce something false in order to deceive,b. selectively choosing (the

39、 most beneficial or profitable items, opportunities, etc.) from what is available,a. the reporting of a particular important event or subject,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,9) set-up 10) constraint 11) massaging 12) straddle 13) sloppy 14) discernible 15) deficiency,

40、Approaching the Topic Task 2,o. the way in which things are organized or arranged,l. state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed,c. manipulating (facts or figures) to give a more acceptable result,f. to stretch across something or exist on both sides of something,d. not do

41、ne carefully or thoroughly,g. perceptible,j. weakness or imperfection,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,_(1) The cloning researcher Woo-Suk Hwang was accused of three offences today, 12 May. _(2) The Seoul Central District prosecutors office in South Korea charged Woo-S

42、uk Hwang with secretly taking KRW 2.8 billion and using the funds to purchase a car for himself and gifts for family members. _(3) Five other researchers on Hwangs team were also charged with various offences.,Approaching the Topic Task 4,False,False,True,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,

43、Integrated Exercise,A German university has withdrawn the doctoral degree of the former Bell Labs scientist who claimed a series of research breakthroughs, then was fired two years ago when it was discovered that he had manipulated data and fabricated results. The physicist, J. Hendrik Schn, 33, did

44、 not commit an academic offence in his doctoral research at the University of Konstanz, an investigation there found last year. But on Friday, the university said it had a legal right to withdraw a degree when the recipient behaved “unworthily” of it. “That was interpreted here in the context of sci

45、ence,” said Dr. Wolfgang Dieterich, chairman of the physics department at Konstanz.,Approaching the Topic Task 5,1,2,3,4,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr. Schn, a research scientist at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies research arm in Murray Hill, N.J., was an author o

46、r co-author of more than 70 scientific papers on an array of supposed discoveries, like new superconductors and tiny, molecular-scale transistors. The transistors appeared particularly exciting because they seemed to work the same way current silicon transistors do, suggesting that the technology co

47、uld be straightforwardly transferred to computer chips. Others were unable to reproduce any of the findings. Then, in May 2002, outside scientists discovered nearly identical graphs in several of Mr. Schns papers, even though they supposedly represented different data from different experiments. Fou

48、r months later, an investigatory panel led by Dr. Malcolm R. Beasley, a professor of applied physics at Stanford, found that Mr. Schn had manipulated or fabricated data in 17 papers. Bell Labs fired Mr. Schn and the published papers were withdrawn.,Approaching the Topic Task 5,5,6,7,Reading about th

49、e Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr. Schn apologized for mistakes but insisted that the findings were real. Soon after he was fired, Konstanz assembled a committee to examine Mr. Schns thesis research on solar cells. Dr. Dieterich, who was not part of that investigation, said the comm

50、ittee found instances of mislabeled graphs and “some smoothing of data, which was not explained.” But Dr. Dieterich said, “One could not draw the conclusion that intentionally things have been presented in a wrong way,” and the committee did not accuse Mr. Schn of misconduct. The Konstanz physics de

51、partment then began its review. It asked Mr. Schn to participate, but the only reply was a letter from his lawyer, Dr. Dieterich said, adding that he would not say what was in the letter.,Approaching the Topic Task 5,8,9,10,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1) What do t

52、he passage and news share? Academic dishonesty. 2) Dr. Hwangs team claimed to have done research in the controversial field of cloning. Whats your view on human cloning research? 3) Whats your opinion on the investigatory panel that cleared Mr. Schn? 4) What could be the potential benefits of scient

53、ific misconduct? 5) What are the potential negative influences of scientific misconduct?,Approaching the Topic Task 7,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,scandal n. an occurrence in which people are shocked and upset because of behavior that is morally or legally wrong e.

54、g. There was a major scandal involving the mayors ties with the Mob. outstrip v. to be or become better, greater, or larger than (someone or something) e.g. The new hotel outstrips all other hotels in the area in size and luxury. peer n. a person who belongs to the same age group or social group as

55、someone else e.g. He was respected and admired by his peers.,Reading about the Topic Reading 2/Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,replication n. an answer to a reply e.g. Well need to do a replication of that experiment so we can collect more data. malfeasa

56、nce n. illegal or dishonest activity especially by a public official or a corporation e.g. The investigation has uncovered evidence of corporate malfeasance. suspicion n. a feeling that someone is possibly guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong e.g. I thought the water might be making us sick

57、, and my suspicions were confirmed by the lab tests.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,swirl v. to move in circles or to cause (something) to move in circles e.g. The water swirled around the drain. outdo v. to do better than (someone or somethin

58、g) : to be more successful than (someone or something) e.g. Smaller companies often outdo larger ones in customer service. rival n. a person or thing that tries to defeat or be more successful than another e.g. The teams have been longtime rivals.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Expl

59、oring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,embryo n. a human or animal in the early stages of development before it is born, hatched, etc. e.g. The unborn child at this juncture is known as an embryo and is extremely small. hail n. precipitation in the form of small balls or lumps usually consisting of con

60、centric layers of clear ice and compact snow e.g. He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land. lapse v. an occurrence in which you fail to think or act in the usual or proper way for a brief time and make a mistake e.g. He blamed the error on a minor mental lapse.,Reading 2,Language P

61、oints,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,accuse v. to blame (someone) for something wrong or illegal : to say that someone is guilty of a fault or crime e.g. She was accused of lying on the employment application. impound v. to use legal powers to get and hold (something)

62、e.g. The police impounded her car because it was illegally parked. adhere v. to stick to something : to attach firmly to something e.g. The stamp failed to adhere. outright adj. complete and total e.g. I was surprised by their outright rejection of the idea.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the

63、 Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,respondent n. a person who gives a response or answer to a question that is asked especially as part of a survey e.g. A majority of respondents said they disagreed with the mayors plan. engage v. to hire (someone) to perform a particular service : to pa

64、y for (help, services, etc.) e.g. He was engaged as a tutor. burst into v. to suddenly begin to make a sound, especially to start singing, crying or laughing e.g. The audience burst into applause.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,deliberate adj.

65、 to think about or discuss something very carefully in order to make a decision e.g. The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict. cast out v. to force someone or something to go away e.g. They tried to cast out the spirits from the haunted house. cardiology n. the study of the heart

66、and of diseases that affect the heart e.g. He is a doctor who specializes in cardiology. credibility n. the quality of being believed or accepted as true, real, or honest e.g. The new evidence lends credibility to their theory. adj. credible,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,bleak adj. without anything make you feel cheerful or hopeful e.g. With