语式转换(主动被动).ppt

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1、被动语态译法,英语被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中几乎随处可见，凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态。在汉语中，也有被动语态，但它的使用范围远远小于英语被动语态，因此英语被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。,1.翻译成汉语的主动句。,英语被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。,(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。 Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from o

2、ne form into another. 每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式转换为另一种形式。（直接去掉被动，原主语保持不变）,Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。 In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance. 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态),Nuclear powers danger to heal

3、th, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全，甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括。,(2)将主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。,Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 众所周知，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。（增添主语）,A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了

4、一种显示时间的新方法。（将宾语转换成主语） It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is generally considered that 大家/一般人认

5、为 It is well known that 大家知道/众所周知 It will be said 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说,(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。 Another middle school has been set up in our district 我们区又办了一所中学。 A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。,Communications satellit

6、es are used for international live transmission throughout the world. 全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。（用状语充当主语） By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。,And it is imagined by many that the operat

7、ions of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考研) 许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。,(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。,Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful conseq

8、uences of taking up the habit. 应该尽最大努力告诉年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考研) New source of energy must be found, and this will take time. 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间 (91年考研),Your inquiry of September 10 regarding the above subject has been received. 已收到贵方9月10日有关以上主题的询问。 Best surface finish is provided by machining met

9、hods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是打磨方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。 Much has been said about the complexity of the nuclear power reaction. 关于原子能反应堆的复杂性已谈得很多了。,The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。 Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the str

10、angest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译,It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that

11、 必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见,(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。,The picture was painted by Professor Smith. 这幅画是史密斯教授画的。（将被动转换为系表结构） The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。,2 译成汉语的被动语态,2.1 英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭

12、”, “挨”, “为所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”等表示。 Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。 These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. 这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。,2.2 译为定语。 We are well established as a manufacturer of Chemical

13、Products and our goods are enjoying high reputation for their excellent quality. 本公司是信誉良好的化学制品厂商，由于品质优良，产品广受好评。 The enclosed price list will give you our best CIF New York price which we believe are highly competitive. 随函附寄的价目表是公司纽约运费、保险费在内的优惠价格，我方相信这种价格具有极高的竞争力。,Over the years, tools and technology

14、 themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考题) 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。,Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on

15、the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题) 政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。,2.3 英语被动语态用汉语其他手段代替 有些情况下，英汉语言结构的差异太，很难套用原文的结构，我们可跳出原文的圈子，用意译法表达出原文的确切含义。 The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 这个村子里住着大约13,000 个农民。（populate v. 构成的人口）,Most trees are denuded of l

16、eaves in winter. 大多数树木冬天要落叶。（denude 使裸露） The news was passed on by word of mouth. 消息众口相传，不胫而走。（pass on 传递） She was delivered of a boy. 她生了一个男孩。（deliver v. 接生） She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet. 她和丈夫应邀去赴宴了。,考研翻译语态转换实例 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualitie

17、s to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. (1995) 一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确界定时，测试的效果则最差。（5 处被动语态均转换为主动）,The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items

18、 often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002) 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。（将be directly observed 译为系表结构：是直接观察到的）,During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodol

19、ogies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. (1999) 在这种转变过程中，传统的历史研究方法由于采用了其它方法论而得到充实设计这些方法论是为了解释历史研究中的新的证据形式。（将were augmented、designed化为主动）,The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role

20、 of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. (2002) 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始得到认识和研究。（将was formulated 中的被动消除，译为“得以阐明”，be recognized and studied 也译为“得到”,Television, it is often said, keeps one info

21、rmed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年) 人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化，并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。,We are taught that business letters should be written

22、 in a formal style rather than a personal one. 我们学过，写商务信件要用规范的格式，而不能像个人信件那样随便。（将are taught、be written 均转换为主动）,Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic. 一个叫古德伊尔的美国人多年来一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但却有弹性。（用“把”字结构代替被动）,It is s

23、aid that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. 据说，信是两个月前收到的，研究后已寄还贵处。（用“据”结构消除is said 的被动字眼，was received 被转换为了系表结构，returned 也被改为主动形式）,1. The whole country was armed in a few days. 2. If the scheme is disapproved, work on the project will stop immediately.

24、3. Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency. 4. Much has been said about the complexity of embryonic stem-cell research. 5. The sense of inferiority he experienced in his youth has never been totally eradicated.,6. The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is m

25、easured in cubic millimeters. 7. There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons. 8. The oil of the world will have been used up, and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.,9. She told me that he

26、r master had dismissed her. No reason had been given; no objection had been made to her conduct . She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 10. It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the

27、rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.,参考译文： 1. 几天之内全国就武装起来了。 2. 如果方案被否决，这项工程将立即停工。 3. 这种行为将会为一切正派人所蔑视。 4. 有关胚胎干细胞研究的复杂性已经谈得很多了。 5. 他在青少年时期经历过的自卑感从未完全消除。 6. 体积不是以平方毫米计量，而是以立方毫米

28、计量的。,7. 有几种放射性同位素是通过用中子轰击原子核人造出来的。 8. 全世界的石油将会用尽，人们将使用通过原子裂变获取的更为方便的动力。 9. 她告诉我，男主人解雇了她，没有对她说明任何理由，对她的行为也没提出任何异议，而且不许她向女主人申诉。 10. 我们发现本馆图书库存正急剧下降，此事令人关注。现提醒大家注意借书、还书规定，别忘了其他同学的需要。今后对逾期不还者将从严处罚。,As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequent

29、ly, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a“drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called“a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the ho

30、le made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.,由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面不能确定是否有石油。因此必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘探。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管往下放入由钻头打出的孔中。钻孔过程中，放入钢管以防孔壁坍塌。如钻探到石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。,上述短短百余字的英语中出现了十几处被动语态，而译成汉语后，这些被动结构几乎全都转换成了主动结构。由此可见，化被动为主动是处理英语被动语态的常见手法。,Thank you for your attention!,