材料专业词汇

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1、材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位Atomic mass unit (amu)原子数Atomic number原子量Atomic weight波尔原子模型Bohr atomic model键能Bonding energy库仑力Coulombic force共价键Covalent bond分子的构型molecular configuration电子构型electronic configuration负电的Electronegative正电的Electropositive基态Ground state氢键Hydrogen bond离子键Ionic bond同位素Isotope金属键Me

2、tallic bond摩尔Mole分子Molecule泡利不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle元素周期表Periodic table原子atom分子molecule分子量molecule weight极性分子Polar molecule量子数quantum number价电子valence electron范德华键van der waals bond电子轨道electron orbitals点群point group对称要素symmetry elements各向异性anisotropy原子堆积因数atomic packing factor(APF)体心立方结构body-

3、centered cubic (BCC)面心立方结构face-centered cubic (FCC)布拉格定律braggs law配位数coordination number晶体结构crystal structure品系crystal system晶体的crystalline衍射diffraction中子衍射neutron diffraction电子衍射electron diffraction晶界grain boundary六方密堆积hexagonal close-packed (HCP)鲍林规则Paulings rulesNaCl型结构NaCltype structureCsCl型结构Ca

4、esium Chloride structure闪锌矿型结构Blende-type structure纤锌矿型结构Wurtzite structure金红石型结构Rutile structure萤石型结构Fluorite structure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-type structure尖品石型结构Spinel-type structure硅酸盐结构Structure of silicates岛状结构Island structure链状结构Chain structure层状结构Layer structure架状结构Framework structure滑石talc叶蜡石pyrop

5、hyllite高岭石kaolinite石英quartz长石feldspar美橄榄石forsterite各向同性的isotropic各向异性的anisotropy品格lattice晶格参数lattice parameters密勒指数miller indices非结品的noncrystalline多晶的polycrystalline多品形polymorphism单品single crystal晶胞unit cell电位electron states（化合）价valence电子electrons共价键covalent bonding金属键metallic bonding离子键Ionic bondin

6、g极性分子polar molecules原子面密度atomic planar density衍射角diffraction angle合金alloy粒度，晶粒大小grain size显微结构microstructure显微照相photomicrograph扫描电子显微scanning electron镜microscope (SEM)透射电子显微transmission electron重量百分数weight percent镜microscope (TEM)四方的tetragonal单斜的monoclinic配位数coordination number材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷固溶

7、体solid solution固溶度solid solubility化合物compound间隙固溶体interstitial solid solution置换固溶体 substitutional solid solution金属间化合物intermetallics不混溶固溶 immiscible solid solution转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution体有序固溶体ordered solid solution无序固溶体disordered solid solution固溶强化 solid solution strengthening取代型固溶体Substitut

8、ional solidsolutions过饱和固溶 supersaturated solid solution非化学计量化Nonstoichiometric体合物compound缺陷defect， imperfection点缺陷point defect线缺陷line defect， dislocation面缺陷interface defect体缺陷volume defect位错排列dislocationarrangement位错线dislocation line刃位错edge dislocation螺位错screw dislocation混合位错mixed dislocation晶界grain

9、 boundaries大角度晶界high-angle grainboundaries小角度晶界tilt boundary，孪晶界twin boundaries位错阵列dislocation array位错气团dislocationatmosphere位错轴dislocation axis位错胞dislocation cell位错爬移dislocation climb位错聚结dislocationcoalescence位错滑移dislocation slip位错核心能量dislocation coreenergy位错裂纹dislocation crack位错阻尼dislocation dampi

10、ng位错密度dislocation density原子错位substitution of a wrong atom间隙原子interstitial atom晶格空位vacant lattice sites间隙位置interstitial sites杂质impurities弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkel disorder肖脱基缺陷Schottky disorder主晶相the host lattice错位原子misplaced atoms缔合中心Associated Centers.自由电子Free Electrons电子空穴Electron Holes伯格斯矢量Burgers克罗各-明克符 号Kr

11、oger Vink notation中性原子neutral atom材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构体结构structure of melt过冷液体supercooling melt玻璃态vitreous state软化温度softening temperature粘度viscosity表面张力Surface tension介稳态过渡相metastable phase组织constitution淬火quenching退火的softened玻璃分相phase separation in体积收缩volume shrinkageglasses材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面sur

12、face界面interface同相界面homophase boundary异相界面heterophase boundary晶界grain boundary表面能surface energy小角度晶界low angle grain大角度晶界high angle grainboundaryboundary共格孪品界coherent twin boundary品界迁移grain boundarymigration错配度mismatch驰豫relaxation重构reconstuction表面吸附surface adsorption表面能surface energy倾转品界titlt grain bo

13、undary扭转晶界twist grain boundary倒易密度reciprocal density共格界面coherent boundary半共格界面semi-coherentboundary非共格界面noncoherent boundary界面能interfacial free energy应变能strain energy品体学取向关crystallographic系orientation惯习面habit plane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相图phase diagrams相phase组分component组元compoonent相律Phase rule投影图Projection

14、 drawing浓度三角形Concentration triangle冷却曲线Cooling curve成分composition自由度freedom相平衡phase equilibrium化学势chemical potential热力学thermodynamics相律phase rule吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule自由能free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy ofmixing吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy吉布斯函数Gibbs function热力学函数thermodynamics热分析thermal ana

15、lysisfunction过冷supercooling过冷度degree ofsupercooling杠杆定律lever rule相界phase boundary相界线phase boundary line相界父联phase boundarycrosslinking共轭线conjugate lines相界有限交联phase boundarycrosslinking相界反应phase boundary相变phase changereaction相组成phase composition共格相phase-coherent金相相组织phase constentuent相衬phase contrast相

16、衬显微镜phase contrast相衬显微术phase contrastmicroscopemicroscopy相分布phase distribution相平衡常数phase equilibriumconstant相平衡图phase equilibrium相变滞后phase transition lagdiagram相分离phase segregation相序phase order相稳定性phase stability相态phase state相稳定区phase stabile range相变温度phase transitiontemperature相变压力phase transition同

17、质多晶转变polymorphicpressuretransformation同素异品转变allotropic相平衡条件phase equilibriumtransformationconditions显微结构microstructures低共熔体eutectoid不混溶性 immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能activation energy扩散通量diffusion flux浓度梯度concentration gradient菲克第一定律Ficks first law菲克第二定律Ficks second law相关因子correlation factor稳态扩散s

18、teady state diffusion非稳态扩散nonsteady-state diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient跳动几率jump frequency填隙机制interstitalcy mechanism晶界扩散grain boundary diffusion短路扩散short-circuit diffusion上坡扩散uphill diffusion下坡扩散Downhill diffusion互扩散系数Mutual diffusion渗碳剂carburizing浓度梯度concentration gradient浓度分布曲线 concentration

19、profile扩散流量diffusion flux驱动力driving force间隙扩散interstitial diffusion自扩散self-diffusion表面扩散surface diffusion空位扩散vacancy diffusion扩散偶diffusion couple扩散方程diffusion equation扩散机理diffusion mechanism扩散特性diffusion property无规行走柯肯达尔效应Random walk达肯方程Dark equationKirkendall equation本征热缺陷Intrinsic thermal defect本征

20、扩散系数Intrinsic diffusion coefficient离子电导率 Ion-conductivity空位机制Vacancy concentration材料科学基础专业词汇:第七章相变过冷supercooling过冷度 degree of supercooling品核nucleus形核nucleation形核功nucleation energy品体长大 crystal growth均匀形核homogeneous nucleation非均匀形,.heterogeneous nucleation核形核率热力学函数nucleation ratethermodynamics functio

21、n长大速率growth rate临界晶核critical nucleus临界晶核critical nucleus radius半径枝晶偏析平衡分配系数dendritic segregationequilibriumdistributioncoefficient局部平衡 localized equilibrium有效分配effective distribution coefficient系数材料科学基础专业词汇:第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应solid state reaction烧结sintering烧成fire合金alloy再结品Recrystallization二次再结品Secondar

22、yrecrystallization成核nucleation结品crystallization子品，雏品matted crystal籽品取向seed orientation异质核化heterogeneous均匀化热处理homogenization heatnucleationtreatment铁碳合金iron-carbon alloy渗碳体cementite铁素体ferrite奥氏体austenite共晶反应eutectic reaction固溶处理solution heattreatment成分过冷 constitutional supercooling共晶组织 eutectic struc

23、ture伪共晶表面等轴品区中心等轴品区急冷技术单晶提拉法pseudoeutecticchill zoneequiaxed crystal zonesplatcoolingCzochralski method引领（领 先）相 层状共晶 体离异共晶leading phaselamellar eutecticdivorsed eutectic柱状品区 columnar zone定向凝固 unidirectional solidification区域提纯 zone refining晶界形核 boundary nucleation位错形核斯宾那多分解马氏体相变dislocation nucleationspinodal decompositionmartensite phasetransformation品核长大有序无序转变nuclei growthdisordered-order transition马氏体 martensite