阅读理解12定律

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1、2010启航考研英语阅读理解12定律考研阅读理解12大原则 “考研成败在于英语，英语成败在于阅读，阅读成败在于方法”，得阅读者得天下。考研阅读共四篇文章，大约1600字，是国内最难的考试。这些文章时效性强，选自的杂志有The Economist, Newsweek, Scientific Americans, Time等，比如，07年阅读第一篇谈记忆的机制，(选自纽约时报06年5月)；第二篇谈智力评估的科学性(选自科学美国人95年)；第三篇谈中产阶级经济风险(选自哈佛杂志06年12月刊)；第四篇谈信息安全(选自经济学家05年6月)。这4篇文章都经过命题专家删改变为测试所用文章。对于考研英语阅读

2、理解部分，我们应当掌握的最基本的应试总则就是命题专家的出题原则，考生应利用信号关键词进行定位，然后到选项中找到最佳重叠原文意思的选项。考生在判断选项是否能重叠原文时，常常会感到迷惑，无法判断选项是否与原文内容完全重叠，这是因为在设计考题时常用一些语言点来迷惑考生。一般说来，命题专家最常用的有四种方式：“语言简化”、“同义转化”、“反话正说”和“正话反说”。“语言简化”是命题专家命题时所使用的原则。在设置选项时，四个选项的长度及句法不应有太大差异，而选项所使用的语言难度必须低于文章本身的难度。“同义转化”是出现最频繁的命题方式，几乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题目。Passage 1This,

3、in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been continuously speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Fut

4、urist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. 1. Futurists claim that we must . Aincrease the production of literature Buse poetry to relieve modern stress Cdevelop new modes of expression Davoid using adjectives and verbsPassag

5、e 2When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced go

6、vernment minister, I covered my exit by claiming I wanted to spend more time with my family. （01年67题）2. Which of the following is true according to this paragraph ? A Full-time employment is a new international trend. B The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C A lateral move mean

7、s stepping out of full-time employment.D The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family. Passage 3During the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented（史无前例的） rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing ind

8、ustrialization. Motivated in part by Christian compassion(怜悯)for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884.3. The worlds first workers compensation law w

9、as introduced by Bismarck .A for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movementB out of religious and political considerationsC to speed up the pace of industrializationD to make industrial production safer4. We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe _.A m

10、et growing resistance from laborers working at machinesB resulted in the development of popular social insurance programsC was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidentsD required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplacePassage 5The Supreme Courts decisions on phys

11、ician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect, a centuries-old mor

12、al principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.（同位语）Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patie

13、nts pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. （02年56, 57题）5. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .A doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain. B it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C the Supreme Court st

14、rongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.6. Which of the following statements its true according to the text ?A Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless

15、recovery.C The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions. Passage 7The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and

16、they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. （05年23题）7. Female capuchin monkeys were c

17、hosen for the research most probably because they are .A more inclined to weigh what they get.B attentive to researchers instructions.C nice in both appearance and temperament.D more generous than their male companions“反话正说”的命题方式是指文中用否定方式，选项用肯定的方式。即所谓的否定形式表达肯定意思。Passage 8How things have changed! In

18、1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American industry has changed its structure

19、, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government, It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tan

20、k in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as a golden age of business management in the United States.8. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the _ _. (00)Aturnin

21、g of the business cycle Brestructuring of industry Cimproved business management Dsuccess in education Passage 9The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture dully. To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing

22、 unscientific, un-objective, it is to appeal to the students emotions rather than their intellect. Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.9. The majority of university professors prefer the traditional way of lecturing in the belief that _.A it draws the cl

23、ose attention of the studentsB it conforms in a way to the design of the CreatorC it presents course content in a scientific and objective mannerD it helps students to comprehend abstract theories more easilyExercises:1. They are nowhere close to achieving anything.2. He is no more fit to be a presi

24、dent than a schoolboy would be.3. A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.4. I dont so much love him as sympathize with him.5. There is no rule but has exceptions.6. They never meet without quarreling.7. Nobody sought his aid but were helped.8. It never rains but it pours.9. The potential benefi

25、t of exercises cant be overestimated.另外一种常用的命题方式“正话反说”，是指原文用肯定方式表述，而选项用否定方式表述，两者意义相吻合。 Passage 10 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpre

26、dictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried （简洁的）reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. 10. The author as

27、serts that scientists . Ashouldnt replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought Bshouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable things Cshould write more concise reports for technical journals Dshould be confident about their research findings99 Exercises: 1. Donavan would have loved the Inte

28、rnet.2. We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day.3. Its results fell short of my expectations.4. This is the last thing I want to do.5. Your answer is far from my satisfaction. 6. He is anything but an artist.7. Its out of the question/ out of question.8. This is more than I can chew. /Its

29、beyond/above me.9. He is grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.10. You should have known better than to take my words seriously.下面结合阅读理解应试的基本步骤，就具体题型提出相应的应试原则。一、主题原则其标志词为：best title /main idea /most likely to agree / conclusion/If you intend using humor in your talk to make

30、people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. /Depending on whom you are addressing, t

31、he problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of

32、 a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line f

33、or lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are par

34、t of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn

35、t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoat like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes

36、 more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a

37、lighthearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can tur

38、n about and inject with humor.11. The best title for the text may be . 02年45题AUse Humor Effectively BVarious Kinds of HumorCAdd Humor to Speech DDifferent Humor Strategies 12 It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. The

39、y cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief.

40、The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep ou

41、r neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute (贫民). Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may r

42、equire.12. According to the author, the answer to the problem of public education is that the Federal government _. A should allocate Federal funds for public educationB should demand that local communities provide support C should raise taxes to meet the needs of public education D should first of

43、all solve the problem of unemployment二、态度原则其标志词为：attitude, believe, deem, regard. 作者态度题有两种题型：1. 文章作者态度题 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last Decem

44、ber. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 19791980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this tim

45、e? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be

46、 less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pu

47、mp prices than in the past. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backbone of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic

48、 decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. 2002，5513. From the text we can see that the writer seems . Aoptimistic Bsensitive Cgloomy Dscared 2. 局部作者态度题 The MBA, a 20th-century product, alwa

49、ys has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed (贪婪) on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature.14. According to this paragraph, what is the general attitude towards business on campuses dominated by purer disciplines? A Envious. BScornful C Realistic.

50、D Appreciative. 15Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated c

51、hicken were as great as some people believe. “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there. ” 15. What does the author think of the Americans view of their food? A They overstate the governments interference with the food industry.B They are overoptimistic about the safety of their

52、 food. C They overestimate the hazards of their food. D They overlook the risks of the food they eat. 16In1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars c

53、onclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healt

54、hier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. 16. The authors attitude to ward Richard Lamms remark is one of A strong disapproval. B reserved consent. C slight contempt. D enthusi

55、astic support.三、段落原则 段落原则应用于根据段落内容所设置的题目，它包括两种形式：首句原则和末句原则。1. 首句原则 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips（臀部）can be replaced, clinical depression con

56、trolled, cataracts（白内障） removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this

57、greatness of ours. 17. What is implied in the first sentence? AAmericans are better prepared for death than other people. BAmericans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. CAmericans are over-confident of their medical technology. DAmericans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.03年

58、56题2. 末句原则 有时一个自然段的主题句也会出现在段末，因此考点也相应转向末句。 Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As long as you understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense.18. The author concludes the pass

59、age with the advice that_. A the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced dietB its risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific functionC the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimatedD its reasonable to take a rational dose of

60、multivitamins daily 19No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.19. In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that . A the Duchess of Windsor is

61、regarded as a woman of virtue B looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune C being thin is viewed as a much desired quality D religious people are not necessarily virtuous 四、转折/对比原则 In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime televisio

62、n. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.20. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are _.A more family-oriented C more profound B unusually popular D relatively formal 21Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is human kinds long suffering at the mercy of (任由摆布)flood and drought that