英语短文填空命题原则及其解题指导

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1、中考英语短文填空的主要题型及复习建议重庆市江津第六中学付林Email:001fulin一、 短文填空的命题原则：1. 材料选取。从考查的材料来看， 短文填空主要选取反映学生学习、生活、心理体会的文章，其次，以社会热点、名人事迹为辅；再次，选取一般故事性的短文。从09年看，比如重庆选取我与同学之间的关系、山东的谈读书、广州的谈集邮、扬州的谈如何了解自己、临沂的介绍林肯、烟台谈青少年写博客、淄博的反映学生学习各负担过重问题等。2. 难度控制。从短文的词汇数量上来看，一篇短文填空的词汇量一般在180230个左右，像我们重庆地区的短文填空的文章词汇一般不会超出230，通常在220个左右。从考查的词汇而

2、言，主要是大纲要求的四会词语（即重点词汇），不要求掌握的词汇、一般词汇，通常不作为考查的对象。3. 考点的设置。短文填空的考点设置，主要以名词、动词、形容词副词、介词为主要考查对象，在短文的布局上遵循首句、末句不设空；不逐句设空；每段设置23个空；在设空的同时，注意前后暗示和上下文相互暗示的原则。二、 短文填空的主要题型：1. 全国主要题型。 （1） 选词填空。 该题型主要是以要求考生根据短文内容，从所给词汇中选择正确词语，并根据语句的需要做适当的变化后，填入空格中，使短文的意思完整。此类考查方式在全国的中考英语试题中所占的比例比较大。（2） 看图短文填空。该题型主要是将图与短文联系在一起，要

3、求考生通过阅读短文的同时，借助图画所表达的内容，填写短文所缺的词语，是短文的通顺。如广东。（3） 根据首字母填空。该题型要求考生，阅读短文，根据短文内容和所提供的首字母，在空格处填入一个适当的单词，此类考题在全国范围内占主流。如09年山东省、广州市、南京市、武汉市、扬州。（4） 语句还原式短文填空。该题型要求考生通读短文，在了解短文大意的情况下，从所给的语句中选择符合表达需要的句子填入空格中，使短文意思连贯、通顺。如09年江西省、成都市、。（5） 特定词类短文填空。例如专门以动词的正确形式填空，主要以考查学生对动词的各种用法。临沂2. 重庆市近年来的题型。重庆市11年中考的短文填空题型，经历了

4、一个由探索、定型、完善、提高的过程。（1）探索时期（99年-2002年）从99年最初的命名为“书面表达看图填空”初步确立短文填空的雏形；经过第一年在全市统一考试的试点后，2000年该题型改为“根据首字母写出正确的单词”；01年的“阅读短文填空”；02年的“看图写话”这一阶段，我们可以看出，短文填空在重庆的中考英语试题中处于探索阶段，命题者在探索短文填空这一题型以何种形式出现最佳、最有利于考查学生的英语阅读能力和掌握英语的水平。（2）定型时期（2003年-2004年）这一时期，短文填空的命题方式、文章的选取、空格的设置、分值、题号及评分标准等已经基本确定。（3）完善提高时期（2005-）在这一时

5、期，命题者从短文材料的选取上，不再像过去那样，只注重故事性，更注重对学生社会阅历、学生学习生活、青少年心理的问题，也更加注重考查学生对社会问题的关注。从这点上，我们可以看出，新课程标准出台以后，考查的方向性更加明确。(99年)书面表达。看图填空One afternoon just before Christmas, an old kind man was walking in the street when he saw a little boy 56 in front of a beautiful show window. The old man 57 why he was crying t

6、here. The little boy said that he had lost the ten dollars given by his mother. When the old man 58 this, he put his hand into his pocket and took 59 a small wallet(钱夹)and gave him 60 was inside. The little boy 61 him and stopped crying and smiled. The old man walked away. An hour later, the old man

7、 was returning home by the same route(路线). To his surprise, he saw the same boy at the 62 place. He went up to him and asked if he had lost his money 63 . The little boy said that he had found the 64 ten dollars, He was waiting for him there. He wanted to 65 back the ten dollars to him. 56._ 57. _ 5

8、8. _ 59._ 60._ 61. _ 62. _ 63._ 64._ 65._(Keys: 56. crying; 57. asked; 58. heard; 59. out; 60. what; 61. thanked; 62. same; 63. again; 64. lost/ first; 65. give)（00年）At different times in mans life his food has different effects (影响) on his body. Among children f_(76) is quickly changed to the power

9、(力量)to run and play games. Most of a young mans food is spent on growing t_ (77); we grow upwards only d_(78) the first twenty years of our l_ (79), not later. Working men get their strong bodies from their food; and if they work h_ (80), they do not get fat. Office workers eat well and s_ (81) down

10、 a lot, and may begin to grow fat when still quite young. Many older p_ (82) try to work much and walk often. Perhaps the most difficult time is when a man r_ (83) sixty years of age. His body and mind b_ (84) restful, without much work or interest. That is when food changes quickly to f_ (85).76._

11、77._ 78._ 79. _ 80._ 81. _ 82. _ 83._ 84. _85._. (Keys: 76.food; 77.tall; 78. during; 79. life; 80. hard; 81. sit; 82. people; 83. reaches; 84. begins; 85. fat. )(01年)“ I dont want to move!” Fred said to his father. “ I like living here in New York City. And I 69 to play in the streets. My friends a

12、re 70 . I want to stay!.”“ We have to 71 , Fred,” Mr. Sparks said. “ I have a 72 job in the Islands. Why 73 you wait until you see them? Maybe you will like living 74 .” “ Never !” was Freds 75 .A few weeks 76 , the Sparks family left the city by plane. They 77 over land for hours. In San Francisco

13、they took 78 big plane. “ There is Hawaii,” Mr. Sparks said. “ And there is the island we are to live 80 . But we will visit the other islands, too. 81 of them are beautiful.” “ I dont care(关心) 82 they like,” said Fred. “ “ I wish I could go 83 to New York City right now !” 69. _ 70. _ 71. _ 72. _ 7

14、3. _ 74. _ 75. _ 76. _ 77._78._ 79._ 80._ 81._ 82._. 83._.(Keys: 69. like; 70. here; 71. move; 72. new; 73. dont; 74. there; 75. answer; 76. later; 77. flew; 78. another; 79.last; 80. on; 81. All; 82. what; 83. back.)(02年)看图写话。Bob likes fish very much. One day, he bought a fish and took it home. Whe

15、n his wife saw the fish, she said to herself, “ Good! Now I can ask my friends to have lunch, and we can 26 .” When Bob 27 in the evening, he found no fish at all. His wife said, “ Oh! 28 .” And she gave Bob some bread fro supper. Bob was angry. He took the cat and his wife to the shop nearby and we

16、igh（称）the cat. Then he said to his wife, “ 29 and the fish is also one kilo. The cat is here. But 30 ?” 26._ 27. _ 28. _ 29._ 30._ (Keys: 26. have/eat/enjoy the fish; 27. came home; 28. your cat ate it; 29. My cat is one kilo; 30. Where is my fish)(03年)A storm dropped (降)heavy rains on central and s

17、outhern parts of China. The radio says that 77 the Xiangjiang River in Hunan, floods caused by terrible 78 in the past weeks killed 25 people and 13 others were missing. The Chinese Government warned some parts in Yunan and the city of Chongqing of possible heavy rains over the 79 few days. In Chang

18、sha water levels rose( 水位上升)to 38 metres early Monday morning, about 3 metres 80 the danger line. In Guangdong, at 81 21 people have been killed , while three were 82 hurt and seven went missing 83 heavy floods hit northern parts by Saturday. The cities of Shaoguan, Meizhou and Heyuan 84 hardest hit

19、 and many people were left homeless(无家可归的).About 620 million yuan has been lost in the floods. Guangdong has sent something 85 to Meizhou, Heyuan and Shaoguan to help the people who lost homes build their 86 again. 77. _ 78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _ 85. _ 86._(Keys: along; 78. rains; 79

20、. next/ coming/ following; 80. above; 81. least; 82. seriously/ badly; 83. when/ after; 84. were; 85. useful/ helpful; homes.)(04年)Think about watching films every day for a week! Yang Siming , a junior 1 at No. 31 Middle School in Dongyang, is very 77 about idea. The Childrens Film Festival in Dong

21、yang will run 78 Wednesday until June 1. About 2,000 Dongyang children will watch great movies there. All the festivals films 10 Chinese and 15 from 79 countries -are for children. At the end of the festival, children can choose the 80 ones. “ We hope these children can choose good 81 for all the Ch

22、inese children,” said Chen Jinti, head of the Chinese Childrens Film Association (中国儿童电影协会). One of the Chinese films is “ Girls Diary.” It 82 the story of how Ranran, a sixthgrade girl, grows up. She doesnt like maths. 83 when she gets a good looking new maths teacher, she begins to 84 harder on he

23、r maths. Her diary 85 that she loves him. But when her mother reads it, they have a fight. Then they dont talk for a long time. But in the end, she finds that her mum is right and 86 loves her. 77._ 78. _ 79. _ 80._ 81._ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _85._86._(key: 77. happy/ pleased; 78. from ; 79. other/ foreig

24、n; 80. best/ favorite; 81. films/ movies; 82. tells; 83. But; 84. work/ study; 85. says/ shows; 86. really.)(05年) Many people in Beijing have returned to school only because they have become parents. Parents are searching for help to solve a problem: the education of their “ only 78 .” “ One student

25、 complained his father, who liked smoking, always left the 79 of smoke in the room and he could not do his homework there. Another wrote that his father often played majiang and the 80 kept him awake most of the night. Many parents know 81 about home education and keep making mistakes. Parents schoo

26、ls are badly 82 ,” an official (官员)said. The parents schools provide many talks on 83 to be good parents. Xu Lins son was a middle school student. He 84 all of his first term exams. Xu Lin got 85 and beat him , but his study didnt improve. Xu Lin then went to parents school and learned a lot. The bo

27、y did well in all his lessons in the next term and helped teach his mother English. Parents need not only to give instructions, but to be 86 , even by their children. A parent said, “ 87 the class, I know more about my child and she also understand me more.”78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _

28、85. _86._ 87. _.(keys: 78. child; 79. smell; 80. noise; 81. little/ nothing; 82. need/ wanted; 83. how; 84. failed; 85.angry; 86. taught; 87. After.)(06年)Maybe you are more interested in sports than in history. You probably think you will never be a top student. In 77 , anyone can become a better st

29、udent if he or she wants to. If you can use your time well, you improve your study 78 much work. Heres how: Plan your time carefully. When you plan your week time, you should make a 79 of things that you have to do. First write down the time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide on a good

30、 time for studying. Of course, studying shouldnt take all of your time. Dont forget to leave yourself enough 80 for hobbies. Find a good place to study. Look around the house 81 a good study place. Keep this space, which may be a desk 82 just a corner of your room, No games, radio, or television ! W

31、hen you sit down to work, think only about the subject ! Make good use of your time in class. Listen 83 to what the teacher says. Careful listening in class means less work later. You also need to take notes in class, because it can 84 it easier for you to learn well. There are only a few sways ment

32、ioned here to 85 you with your studying. I believe you will find 86 other ways besides these. 77._78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _85. _ 86. _(keys: 77. fact; 78. without; 79. list; 80. time; 81. for; 82. or; 83. carefully; 84. make; 85. help; 86. many/ some/ several. )(07年)Andy was born in

33、China 15 years ago. In 2005, she 77 to the USA with her family. As a high school student, she has found many differences 78 Chinese and Americans: About money 1) Americans like to spend 79 than they have, so many of them are always sin debt (欠债). But Chinese usually spend less than they have, so man

34、y of them always have 80 left in the bank. 2) The American kids themselves make their own money . Most Chinese kids always 81 their parents for money. 3) Many American parents think there is 82 need to send their children to an expensive university. Its different in China. Many Chinese parents would

35、 do anything to send their children to expensive universities 83 their family isnt rich enough. About school 1) many American girls take part in sports, dancing and singing groups while many Chinese girls take part in study groups. 2) many American students think that B is a girl while many Chinese

36、students think that B is too 84 . About friends Most American parents let their sons or daughters make friends by 85 . They never ask them about their friends while Chinese parents usually enjoy knowing more about their childrens friends 86 many different ways, and usually stop them from staying out

37、 too late with friends. 77. _ 78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _ 85. _ 86. _ (Keys: 77. went/ got; 78. between; 79. more; 80. money; 81. ask; 82. no; 83. though/ although; 84. bad/ terrible; 85. themselves; 86. in )(08年)What can you do to keep healthy ? Perhaps for children, healthy eating is

38、 one of the most important things. Here are some ideas about 77 to eat healthily. Having breakfast A good breakfast is very important to children. Its necessary to have it in the 78 . But some children often go to school 79 breakfast, just because they want to sleep a little longer. Remember that a

39、good breakfast will help you study better. Having milk “ My dream is that all the Chinese children can get half a kilogram (千克)milk a day.” The Chinese Premier(总理)Wen Jiabao said this during his 80 to a milk farm. Milk is also very important to childrens health. It makes children grow stronger. Its

40、better for you to 81 a glass of warm milk 82 going to bed. That will help you have a good sleep. Having healthy food Having healthy food is the most important. That means eating lots of different 83 of food, especially fruits and vegetables. Dont eat too much chocolate 84 icecream. Some of you 85 ea

41、ting fast food, but in fact it is not good for your healthy. Try to eat healthy food as much as 86 .Having healthy eating habits, and you will have astrong body. 77. _ 78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _ 82. _ 83. _ 84. _ 85. _ 86. _. (Keys: 77. how; 78. morning; 79. without; 80. visit; 81. have/ drink; 82. bef

42、ore; 83. kinds; 84. or; 85. enjoy/ like/ love; 86. possible.)(09年)About three years old, I felt very lonely. I didnt like my classmates, my parents or anyone else. My classmates didnt want to talk _77_ me and my parents were always saying that other kids were better than me. I thought I was the _78_

43、 unlucky person in the world. One day I had a big fight with one of my classmates. I was so angry _79_ I hit him in the face. Just at that moment, a boy stood up and _80_ the fight. He was the monitor of our class. After that, he often helped me and we became good _81_. Whenever I got angry or sad,

44、he would help _82_ to cool down. My life began to change because of the boy, my best friend. We spent a lot of interesting days together. As _83_ goes by, I have become happier with people and things. And it _84_ that people around me have changed, too. My parents dont shout at me _85_ more and my c

45、lassmates become friendly to me. But now I cant see my best friend because he is seriously _86_ and is staying in hospital. How I miss the days when we were together! I hope he will be all right and come back to school soon.77. _ 78. _ 79. _ 80. _ 81. _82. _ 83. _ 84. _ 85. _ 86. _(Keys: 77. with/to

46、 78. most 79. that 80. stopped81. friends 82. me83. time 84. seems85. any86. ill /sick.)3. 江津区近年来的题型。三、 短文填空的解题指导：做短文填空试题，考生需要具备正确拼写所学单词的能力，具有一定的语法基础知识，掌握一定的阅读方法，这样做起题才得心应手。下面介绍一些方法供大家在教学中参考。1. 弄清文章大意需要填词的文章有多处信息缺失，因而读者只能通过迅速浏览全文，从整体入手了解内容大意，尤其关注文章首尾句，以便迅速抓住文章主旨，猜测作者的意图、观点。在明确了主要信息之后，结合细节进行分析、推理、归纳，

47、从而把握住文章的中心，从而确定用什么样的词汇来补充缺失的信息最佳。2做好句法分析通过句法分析弄清要填的词在句中充当的成分，是主语、谓语还是宾语等。如果只主语或宾语，要填的词绝大多数就应当是名词或代词或相当于名词性质的动词不定式或动名词；如果是谓语，要填的词就应当是动词；如果是名词前作定语或在系动词后作表语，要填的词应当是形容词、副词、数词等，如：We _ busy和He _ fine之类的句子，busy, fine为形容词，句中无谓语，所以句子的空格处就应当考虑系动词be或look。3.考虑词形变化当确定所填的词之后，应当要考虑英语常见的词类词形的在不同的语法环境中的变化，如名词或代词是单数还

48、是复数，名词是否使用所有格；代词使用主格、宾格、名词性物主代词还是形容词性物主代词；动词时谓语动词还是非谓语动词；如是谓语动词是主动语态还是被动语态，还要考虑使用哪一种时态；如是非谓语动词使用动词不定式还是动名词还是过去分词。要告诫学生知道填哪一个词，马上就草率天上而不作上述词形方面的考虑，而痛失好分。4. 注意固定搭配要教会学生根据短文中所填句子空格前后之间的固定搭配关系来分析，要求学生平时多积累英语固定短语，比如像be good at, do well in, be interested in, make progress, at least, in fact, at most, at l

49、ast, in this way, pay a visit to, take care of , a lot of ,have a population of, get on well with, have a party, give sb sth, ask sb. To do sth, be/get used to, spendon ( doing) sth.等，有利于锁定所填词语，避免无边猜想，浪费时间，提高所填词语的正确率。5. 运用常识短文所选材料大多与学生所掌握的基础知识相关，所以，平时要教导学生学英语的同时，应当学好天文地理历史数理化生物等方面的知识，尤其是历史地理方面的知识哼重要

50、，因为英语作为语言，本身就是记录人类进化探索发展的历史过程。因此，一个学生如果有广博的知识，在填涉及某一特定领域的短文时，就会迅速获得表达相关知识的词汇，提高词汇使用的准确率。6. 利用语境从前面的短文填空的命题原则，我们知道，空格的设置有一条就是前后照应的原则。这就说明，这空格的设置不是不着边际的考学生，因此，我们应当教会学生利用上下句、前后段落来推理句子空格应当填什么词准确。7. 抓住语篇标志词在某些情况下，我们无法根据前几种方法去确定要填什么样的词才最佳，遇上这种情况，怎么办。我们应当告诉学生，利用语篇中的一些关联词，如but, and, because, so, or, as, since, for, however, although等的帮助，能尽快地抓住语段或句子的意思，从而确定句子所缺的词汇，补全句子。8. 培养学生正确工整的书写习惯有很多学生在平时的书写中，十分潦草，不太注意自己的书写工整，在完成答案时，使所写词语不易辨认，造成评改误判，十分可惜。因此，我们应当告诫学生：所填的词语动笔前要想好，书写要工整大方，做到一目了然，给人以美的享受，赢得评分老师的芳心。