Anatomy_Ch_12_TheLymphaticSystemandBodyDefenses

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1、Ch 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses1. What are the 2 major functions of the lymphatic system?(1) Transports escaped fluids back to the blood(2) Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease2. What are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels?(1) network of vessels(2) aid i

2、n circulation of body fluids(3) closely associated with cardiovascular system3. What are the examples of the organs or tissues of the lymphatic system?(1) Spleen(2) Thymus(3) Tonsils(4) Peyers patches(5) Appendix4. What body areas do the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain?Areas drained by

3、thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. See the bottom KEY: 2 different colored boxes.= Lymphatic collecting vessels5. Compare innate with adaptive defense systems.Innate (nonspecific) defense systemAdaptive (specific) defense system(1) Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders(2) Responds im

4、mediately to protect body from foreign materialsSpecific defense is required for each type of invader6. What are the examples of the nonspecific body defense mechanism?First line of defenseSecond line of defense(1) Skin(2) Mucous membranes(3) Secretions of skin and mucous membranes(1) Phagocytic cel

5、ls(2) Natural killer cells(3) Antimicrobial proteins(4) The inflammatory response7. What are the 4 local signs of acute inflammation?(1) Redness (rubor)(2) Swelling (tumor)(3) Heat (calor)(4) Pain (dolor)8. Describe the process of phagocytosis.(1) Phagocyte adheres to pathogens.(2) Phagocyte engulfs

6、 the particles, forming a phagosome.(3) Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome.(4) Lysosomal enzymes digest the pathogens or debris, leaving a residual body.(5) Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material9. What are the actions of activated compl

7、ement proteins and interferon?complement proteinsinterferon(1) Activated complement proteins attach to pathogens membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a membrane attack complex (a MAC attack)(2) MAC pores in the membrane lead to fluid flows that cause cell lysis.(1) Proteins secreted by virus-i

8、nfected cells(2) Get into healthy cells to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply10. What are the mechanism and advantage of fever?(1) Elevated body temperature(2) Hypothalamus temperature regulation center can be reset by pyrogens (chemicals that are secreted by white blood cells)(3) Hig

9、h temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen needed by bacteria, thus inhibit their growth(4) Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair by stimulating tissue metabolism11. How are lymphocytes differentiated into B cells and T cells?(1) Antigens must be presente

10、d by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation)(2) T cells must recognize nonself and self (double recognition)(3) After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are produced12. What particular type of immune cells secretes antibodies?= B cell

11、s differentiate to plasma cells, which produce antibodies13. Describe 4 types of acquired immunity.You need to show examples for each type.(1) Naturally acquired active immunity(2) Artificially aquired active immunity(3) Naturally acquired passive immunity(4) Artificially acquired passive immunity14

12、. What part of an antibody determines its specificity?= variable region of both heavy and light chains15. Describe 5 classes of immunoglobulins.(1) IgM: can fix complement, initial response(2) IgA: found mainly in secretions (e.g. mucus)(3) IgD: important in activation of B cells(4) IgG: most abunda

13、nt, only one that can cross the placental barrier, and also fix complement(5) IgE: involved in allergic reactions16. What are the functions of antibodies?(1) antibodies have the unique ability to recognize and attach themselves to substances that cause disease. (2) in recognizing and attaching thems

14、elves to these pathogenic molecules, they act as markers, sending signals to other parts of the immune system to attack and eliminate the disease-associated substances.17. What are the functions of the helper,cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells?Helper T cells(1) Specialize in killing infected cells(2)

15、 Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)Cytotoxic (killer) T cells(1) Recruit other cells to fight the invaders(2) Interact directly with B cellsRegulatory T cells(1) Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells(2) Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity(3) Failure of reg

16、ulatory T cells to function properly results in autoimmune diseases18. Describe 4 major types of grafts.Autograftstissue transplanted from one site to another on the same personIsograftstissue grafts from an identical twinAllograftstissue taken from an unrelated personXenograftstissue taken from a different animal species19. What are the 3 types of disorders of immunity and their examples?You need to show examples for each type of disorders.(1) Allergies (Hypersensitivity)(2) Immunodeficiencies(3) Autoimmune Diseases