自考英语(二)考试重点语法课文重点讲义

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1、虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English. I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it. I ask you to do it.定 状 语 A

2、red book. Work hard.并 列 句 I worked and studied(x) I worked and he studied. 2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that) I think that she is a good student. I made it clear that he objected to the plan. I asked whether/if he was a good student. I dont know whether it is raining. I asked what he ha

3、d studied. He gave me what I need. You are wrong in that you took effect for cause. (2) 主语从句 That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that.) Whether it is raining is not known. It is not known-computers will one day have vision as good as human vision. A.whether B. if C. th

4、at D.how It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句 Your greatest fault is that you are careless. The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句 We feel proud

5、that our team has won every match this year. He wasnt sure whether he should stay or leave. Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句 (fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.

6、)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句时间状语从句 When I studied, the bell rang. She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out. He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.地点状语从句He live where he liked.原因状语从句 He was late because he mi

7、ssed the bus. Now that you mention it, I do remember. Im in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment. 目的状语从句 We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty. Bring it closer so that I may see it better.结果状语从句 He brought a big house so( that) he had

8、more space to paint in. He made such a good speech that he won warm applause. 翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other条件状语从句 If I make a promise, I keep it.Ill lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some mea

9、sures have been taken.让步状语从句 Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany. Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet. However/no matter how loudly you shout, you wont be heard.方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested. As if ( as though) 比较状语从句(重点) Sh

10、e is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did) Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was) Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does) Bill speaks French -( badly) than he writes it. The ( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further进 (8) 定语从句 在从句中成份+连词 She is

11、a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语) This is the film that I see. This is the boy who (whom)(-) you met yesterday. (主语) Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for. I read the book whose cover is red. You are still the same perso

12、n as I knew ten years ago. I never heard such stories as he told. This is the day when( on which) I joined the league. This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in.非限定性定语从句: He met Mary, who invited him to dinner. I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting

13、. Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higher fee. His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success. I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized. Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days. There are only four

14、areas _ very many diamonds have been found.A.where B.when C.that D.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别 Ill go to the place (where I live) Ill go wherever work conditions are difficult.定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see). 考题: Such people you describe are r

15、are nowadays. a. as b. that c. who d.which Anyone -( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . who want Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,-,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. a. where b. which c. as d. that3. 并列复合句 He sai

16、d that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.重点语法动词的时态和语态时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week. Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleane

17、d every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment.Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived.Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks muc

18、h better. It had been cleaned. No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began.Hardly. when Some people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to

19、 explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式做主语 To see is to believe. What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.表语 To know everything is to know nothing.定语 This is a book to be written.宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longe

20、r.宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)状语 Yesterday he came to see me. 独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable

21、.不定式的 时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p. to have done, to have been done动名词主,表语 Seeing is believingToms going there wont do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming) This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, ca

22、nt help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.) Do you mind my smoking here?介词+ 宾语 I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.) be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词 状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad.Because it is Su

23、nday today, we have no school. It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine. The used car. A broken cup the

24、question involved.表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers. I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done _nothing to say, the boy

25、shield way form the crowd.A. Having B. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future wi

26、ll have to know about robotics.2A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used ( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishi

27、ng the task It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction. As Ill be away for a year，Id appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered - the wi

28、ndow, the thief would not have got in.a. to close b. closing c. to have close d. having closed. Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldnt.I cant find anywh

29、ere to live._, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B. The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句 的固定用法Its no use doing sth.Its no use worrying about it. Theres nothing you can do.Its (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth

30、.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It w

31、as under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he h

32、adnt received the invitation that he didnt comeIt was there, the police believe,she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. A. that B.until C. which D. when 虚拟语气第一类型: 见词就填: A. (should ) do (should) be B. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possi

33、ble, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc. 形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) c

34、ome.表语从句: The doctors advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet.同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote-(give) to every adult person. (should) be given For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one

35、, it requires that the child _ psychologically ready for the new idea. A.is B.be C.were D.would be第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been availab

36、le, the child would have been saved.考题:_for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not been B. not been C. Without being D. not having been特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.从句谓语发生Wish之前 多

37、用Wish+主语+had done(been) I wish that he had not made so much trouble.从句谓语发生Wish之后 用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a while I wish I could fly.It is (about. High.) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man

38、 was out in the padded cell lest he -himself.A. injure B. had injured c. injured d. would injure.Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作. 倒装句全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn. Among them were two girls. 部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the

39、 bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.Never, nowhere

40、, no longer, little, feww, not( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances)Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book.Neither she nor I am w

41、et.Many a student doesnt like having to do their homework.连词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever 连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both.and, not only.but also, either.or, n

42、either.nor, 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so.that, such.that, as .as.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are d

43、oing, - we should not play it.A. otherwise B. instead C. nevertheless D. either不定代词Any,one,none,nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, many Are you sure there are not- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesnt m

44、ind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语

45、搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文. 注意顾全大局.选的是最佳答案.词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析 考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题 阅读的难点不是考试的重点，不要死扣一句，第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句，多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型

46、错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。(2) 非基本语法错误（如介词、代词、冠词、大写、标点等错误）以及不影响基本句意的用词错误两处扣1分。(3) 拼写错误每错两处扣1分。拼写错误本大题总扣分不超过3分。 短文英译汉主要是读懂原文, 注意一些修饰关系的翻译, 如定语从句.短文英译汉的评分标准按译文质量分为15-13分、12-10分、9-7分、6-4分和3-1分五个档次。各档次标准如下：（1）15-13分。全文翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺。（2）12-10分。全文主要内容翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺，但有少数语句翻译错误。（3）9-7分。全文不少于一半的内容翻译基本正确，汉语表达通顺

47、，有一些语句翻译错误。（4）6-4分。少部分内容翻译基本正确，有较多的语句翻译错误。（5）3-1分。仅译对个别句子。（6）全文译错或只译出零星单词或全文未译，不给分。（7）缺译的语句按完全译错处理。 根据以上评分档次描述，评分可在相应的档次上下浮动。考试注意事项重视语法. 考试前用时间把书上的语法串起来复习.做书上的一些翻译练习.练习阅读. 找自己的常犯错误.二、汉译英重要句型1. 状语从句1） 如果你坚持不听我的话，我就是要惩罚你。If you persist in ignoring what I （have） said， I will punish you.2） 如果你不努力学习，你就没有

48、可能在竞赛中取胜。If you do not study hardwork hard at your studied，you will stand no chance of winning it will not be possibleit will be impossible for you to win in the contest.3） 如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事，他不可能高兴。If he is compelled to do what he does not enjoy doing， he cannot be happy.4） 不论他怎么说，我也不相信他。Whatever he sa

49、ys， I wont believe him.5） 有些星辰的密度（density）达到某一点就会爆炸。Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point.6） 直到最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。I didnt realize that language was closely related to culture until （quite） recently that language and culture were so closely related to each other.Not until （

50、quite） recently did I realize that language was closely related to culture.7） 我工作了一整天，所以你来看我时，我很疲倦。I was very tired exhausted when you came to see me， for I had been working the whole day.8） 随着研究技术变得更加先进，用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals used in exper

51、iments will greatly decrease decline reduce lower.9） 虽然管理者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情。Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they considertake into account possible future events.10） 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。Einstein claimed that matter and en

52、ergy are interchangeable， so there is no absolute time and spaceso time and space are not absolute.11） 我因打破了眼镜，所以看不清当时发生了什么事。I had broken my glasses （，） so I couldnt see what was happening.I couldnt see what was happening because I had broken my glasses. because of my broken glasses.Because I had br

53、oken my glasses， I couldnt see what was happening.12） 我更喜欢住在乡村，因为那里空气污染不太严重。I prefer to live in the country in that the air pollution there is less serious.2. 名词从句2） 不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.3） 你是否把所有的钱都从银行里取出来由你自己决定。Its up to you whet

54、her you will withdraw all your money form the bank.4） 他们是怎样按计划完成这项工程的仍然是个谜。How they had completed the construction in time as planned remained is still a mystery.5） 他能否按时到达，现在还不得而知。It is not yet knownIt is hard to say whetherif he will arrivecome on time.6） 人们认为饭后散步有助消化。It is believed that taking a

55、walk after meals promotes digestion is good to your stomach.7） 他说的与事实完全相反。What he said was totally opposed to the facts.8） 科学家正在研究为什么白日梦（daydreaming）会有益于人们的健康。Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficialconducive to peoples health.9） 他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。The color of his skin is irrelevant to

56、whether he is a good professor or not.10） 那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。The biologist is convinced believes that some animal species are faced with the danger of extinction.11） 我不知道他是否能够提供有力的证据。I wonder if he can provide positive proof.12） 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。Einstein claimed that matter and e

57、nergy are interchangeable， so there is no absolute time and spaceso time and space are not absolute.13） 最新的研究成果表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life.14）你所说的与我们正在讨论的豪不相干。What you said has nothing to dohas no relevance with what we are discussing.3. 定语从句1） 一

58、个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。A person who appreciates A person with appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.2） 处理这项事务的政府部门没有做统计。The government department that deals with this does not keep statistics.3） 短缺并未严重到你报道的那种程度。The shortage do not exist to the extent that you report.4. 比较级和最高级1） 快

59、速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.2） 一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，其人口便越老龄化。The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth， the older its population is.3） 近年来，计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。In recent years， the computer is finding wider and wider app

60、lication in all fields.4） 时间是世界上最容易浪费也是最难以把握的东西。Time is the easiest thing in the world to waste and the most difficult thing to control.5）男人的平均身高比女人高几英寸。On the average， men are higher than women by several inchesseveral inches higher than women.6）这次考试比我们预想的要难得多。The test was much more difficult than

61、we had expected.5. 动词1） 众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人可能使用的方式也不相同。It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.2） 据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死。The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die.3） 几年前被认为不可能实施的手术现在医院都能做。Operations that were considered impossible a few years ago can now be performed in many hospitals.4） 绝大多数医学上的重大进步都是建立在动物研究基础上的。Most of the major medical advances