新概念第四册笔记

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1、 Unit 1 Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the wor

2、d where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas - legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down

3、 what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago tha

4、t even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may al

5、so have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil manNew words and expressions 生词和短语 fossil man (title)adj. 化石人 recountv. 叙述

6、 sagan. 英雄故事 legendn. 传说，传奇 migration n. 迁移，移居 anthropologist n. 人类学家 archaeologist n. 考古学家 ancestor n. 祖先 Polynesianadj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的 Indonesia n. 印度尼西亚 flint n. 燧石 rot n. 烂掉参考译文 我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。人类学家过去不清楚如

7、今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。 但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。 然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。笔记问：中国人如果学一口地道的英语？亚历山大：Dont be o

8、ffended by my answer. You cant. You will always think as a Chinese and speak Chinglish. When you learn your mother tongue, you also acquire the mental set that goes with it.老幼病残孕专座：Priority seat “优先”Priority for disabled peopleOther people may also need to sit more than you.保守：Dinosaur夸张：Hyperbole /

9、Overstatement/ ExaggerationIt seemed millions of ages since I saw you last time. 好久不见The noise can wake up the dead.吵死人了Finding fossil man 寻找远古人类翻译：世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。The last generation museums are devoted to natural history, which show the evolutionary changes of the eart

10、h and organisms through fossils and specimens.翻译：暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起。Scattered across every continentRead of =read about 读到有关情况 间接获得信息It was said to read of the dead of Jackson in this mornings paper.Read for degree读学位（不及物动词）Im reading for a degree in Oxford.Near east: turkey, Israel, Syria, Jord

11、an, Sandi Arabia Middle east:连音mid-list Beatles 披头四 Beetles 甲壳虫Peoples民族Times时代Advices通知Ages 很长一段时间Airs 氛围Dont put on airs.别装Manners 礼仪Minutes 会议记录Quarters 住所Sands 沙滩Spirits 情绪All over the world =various parts of the world Home town=family homeMother tongue =first languageWe hung on the teachers eve

12、ry word.We filed into the toilet.鱼贯而入I love my charade.字谜The charade is the apple of my eye.掌上明珠The food is a great luxury.太好吃了On my home-ward way=on my way home用词的变化性Recount as Hand down=give or leave sth to people The ring has been handed down in my family.祖传Bring down=carry down =come down=descen

13、d down Arm in arm I eat chicken drum with my fingers.鸡腿I wore 11 rings on my fingers.I wore 2 watches on my wrists.Let me read your palm.Shake handsAt hand在手边Set ones hand to do 着手Join hands to do 携手Watch with folded hands 袖手He had a hand in it 插手Contestants 选手Gunner炮手Standard bearer旗手We start from

14、scratch. 白手起家大手大脚He spends extravagantly. /He throws money around.Index finger食指ToeThumbHow many fingers do you have? 8Cup热饮Glass冷饮我并不乐意离开故土去外国定居I dont want to leave my native soil and take up residence (migrate to ) in a foreign country.Denizen =occupant =resident =dweller =inhabitant On the safari

15、, the hunters stalked the ferocious denizens of the jungle.Safari 捕猎队Ferocious 凶猛的Stalk 蹑手蹑脚的Domicile =Abode=Dwelling=Residence=HouseSojourn =temporary stay逗留I sojourned in Beijing for 13 days.Because the puritans were persecuted, they migrated to us.第一次出现时，代词只出现在从句。In winter many birds migrated to

16、the south in search of a more temperate climate.AnthologistPaleontological Paleo=oldPaleoanthropologist古人类学家Paleontologist 古生物学家Pale zoologistSabre toothed cats剑齿虎Ancient VS archaicShe was wearing an ancient sweater. Worn-outAncient 略贬义无贬义的：Ancient rituals 古老的仪式Ancient coins 古币Ancient history 古代史Arc

17、haic 过去一段特定的时间用过或流行，而现在依然存在Thee is an archaic form of you.汝是你的过去用法。The first people 原始人类He works as a farmer.表身份职业As+单数名词The water is as cold as ice.As+比较Like介词+N(状语)He cried like a baby.He cried as a baby.The strength of the storm is such that it destroys a great many houses.1so后形容词变名词作主语2同位语从句3suc

18、h提前Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.Such is the success of some plays that run for years on end.Skin=out covering Scalp头皮Eyelid眼睑FurPelt兽皮Leather=hide 皮革Skin 动植物的外皮grape skin Apple peel Watermelon rind 西瓜皮Shell 坚果皮Shell of a walnut/peanutPolish 打磨 Lesson 2 Spare that spide

19、r 不要伤害蜘蛛First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。How much of each year do spiders spend killing insects? Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would

20、 make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number de

21、stroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never

22、 more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a fo

23、otball pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spid

24、ers in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. T. H. GILLESPLE Spare that spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions beastn. 野兽 censusn. 统计数字 acren. 英亩 contentadj. 满足的参考译文 你可能会觉得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的

25、保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。 许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。 有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。它们一

26、年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。问姓名的巧妙方式：How can I forget you?Even OddParady恶搞Pose the spidermanThe things that will destroy us Politics without principle;Pleasure without conscience;Wealth without work;Knowledge without character;Business without morality;Scien

27、ce without humanity;Worship without sacrifice.Insect sect=cut/divide sectionDissect 解剖 dis=awaySegment SectionLongitudinal /crossIntersect交叉 between A and BTransect横切 from A to BThe waiter brought us a dish of orange segment.Tangerine橘子The architect drew the house in section.How many times do the ro

28、ad and railway intersect on this map?Component ingredient constituentProportion fraction percentageEpisode clip extract installment excerpt chapterFactor element featureDimension inherentHigh proportion of people 大部分人Fraction of a second/inch 毫厘之差Factor 因素 element 要素Feature 特色 与整体大部分不一样的Dimension 维L

29、ouis cha wrote his martial fictions in weekly installment for a magazine.The software make is possible.The advent of sister lotus has brought us a new dimension of entertainment and competition.The sole redeeming feature of this job is the salary.Correct misconceptionsBe engaged in 忙于Try to position

30、 as the writer does想如作者所想，分析文章的正确方法Unconditional support 无条件支持Function功能Form 形式Contents内容Can the leopard change its spots?无疑而问，积习难改Inductive引导性No questionWhy we use AC定语从句GenerosityCoherenceReading label Comment-evidence To do it that+scolon semicolonslice mash squashpinch sprawl squintWink grin swe

31、ep scour Blink hobble soar plunge thrustflocks and herds群if it were not for 要不是Inversion subjunctive mood if a(had, should, were)in my shoes处在我的位置上if your disease had been detected earlier, it could have been cured.If I were not to be admitted by the Harvard, I would set up business with you.Had sho

32、uld were 条件句+虚拟+倒装Were you in my positionWithout it 反正陈述why 命题 so exception例外sA always assuming that +sover punctual 早到 unpunctual 迟到You will be punctual always assuming there is no traffic on the road.Without the protectionPut together全部A fraction of the number (which was) destroyed.赞美结构 A is enoug

33、h B is more Lose but diverseAs I knowAs many people think,Spiders are not insects.notas I knowSpiders are not insects, as many people think.不支持引述As I had anticipated, he resit the exam.He did not resit the exam as I had anticipated.Keep low profile PerseveranceWords you are obliged to memorized 80%W

34、ords that appeal to you 20%识别能力最重要Comprovise即兴Cork screw 葡萄酒起瓶器开球：You serve the ball.SentencesFor compositionsFor everyday EnglishMake time 抓紧时间As I know用as is known Statistics IllustrateAs is illustrated by the statistics就象统计数字所解释说明的那样Bar graph柱状图Line graph Notnor 不，也不Nor (are they) nearly related

35、to themNor 永远倒装Richard 没有象我期待的那样和我保持联络。Richard didnt correspond with me, as I anticipated, nor did he send a message to me even in the new year.Tell the difference辨别差别DistinguishAn insect (have) never=not more than 6Be fully occupied 很忙On behalf of 为/代表Fellow apprentices徒弟He agreed to testify on beh

36、alf of the accused man.I intervened on her behalf to try to get the decision changed.Fact / authority / quotation 事实/权威/引言Make a censusEstimateBe busy (in) doing Wildly 极度地 wildest guessBeyond the wildest estimation/thought/imagination/hopeFinding a good job in NOS is more than my wildest dream.我做梦也

37、没有想过能在新东方找到一份工作。Hungry? Commentevidence(For) they are content with 知足正在被/有待Under sth/remain to be doneControl /repair/study/treat/suspectConsider/examine/investigate/inspectAll the insects (which are) destroyed by spiders.社会主义生产资料所有制A B C稳定性N随机性But 去掉Reality doesnt bite, rather our perception of rea

38、lity bites.Per渗透 ceivePerceptive敏锐Sixth senseIntuition直觉 my intuition is telling me.Telepathy 心电感应I have the telepathy with you.Premonition预感Sense of dj vu证明其存在 detectSnoop 窥视 pry 窥探 probe into 详细调查Note 发现并记录 perceiveIt should be noted that The journalist was probing into several financial scandals.

39、Perspire 出汗(渗透性呼吸)I dont want them prying into my affairs.Stress is widely perceived as contributing to heart disease.It should be noted that the witness did not recognize the defendant.Regard A as B perceive A as BOpaque 不透明的hazyTransparentFrosted文章结构Several cases have been reported FactFindAnalysi

40、sS, as it did in the case of sb.Troubles never come singlely.祸不单行Rolling stones gather no moss.S and you can deduce it in the following example.The following example can enable to judge for yourself. Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山区人First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。What

41、 was the main objective of early mountain climbers? Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the

42、 easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at th

43、e thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal - the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine

44、 village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all,

45、and climbers found shelter wherever they could - sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinne

46、rs and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed. WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn ManNew words and expressions 生词和短语 Matterhorn n. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境） alpinist n. 登山运动员 pioneer v. 开辟，倡导；n. 先锋，开辟者 summit n. 顶峰 attain v. 到达 perilous adj. 危险的 shudder

47、v. 不寒而栗 court v. 追求 solitary adj. 唯一的 impoverishv. 使贫困 Alpineadj. 阿尔卑斯山的 flea-riddenadj. 布满跳蚤的 coarseadj. 粗劣的 boastv. 自恃有 parishionern. 教区居民 shepherdn. 牧羊人 linenn. 亚麻布床单 the Alpsn. 阿尔卑斯山脉参考译文 现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为， 道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰

48、- 才是他们寻求的目标。确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标 - 顶峰！ 我们今天很难想像昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。 食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。有时同当地牧师 （他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。无论住在哪儿，

49、情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。对于过惯了一顿饭吃7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一定是很艰难的。 Concept idiomsIdiomatic expressionsRot away =disappear without traceAlpinist=climberRoute 航线The main shipping route across the Atlantic The climbers tried to find a new route to the summit.Way特定的道路He asked me the way to London.温总

50、理新年贺词:千百年来，中国人民一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了激流险滩，昂首挺胸地走到了今天。Over the millennia, the Chinese nation has weathered numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, surmounted all kinds of obstacles and challenges, and made her way to where she proudly stands today.小白脸pretty boy Canned laugh 背景音笑Get ones teeth into sth

51、 全力以赴We have got a long way to go.这会很难。Give them good sport 带来刺激excitementNCE is a tall order 要求高，较难Monumental taskElementary Common sense Snap 打响指As easy as ABCA breezePioneering days早期 that was not the case at allCase某种特定的情况This is not necessarily the case.This is not the case with peter.How did t

52、his situation come about?This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Charles.Current political situation 当前政治局势In the situationCourtseekIt is (perhaps, maybe, very)true that 诚然+but One vital point is being left out of our consciousness.The general living standard has much impr

53、oved since 1980s, all this does not alter the basic pattern of a two-tiered society.两极分化To be true/ admittedly, but it will not be the case that 诚然现在很多人想在大学毕业后考研，但没几个人想当学者Quite a few choose to stay on campus for 2or 3 years after graduationthey want to be scholars.Some are doing it just to postpone

54、the day of decision, to acquire another degree to impress the society in which they think credentials are the only currency.You backed your car into the garage.倒车进车库We are all backing you.支持你I backed your plan.我同意I eyed her from head to foot.我从头到脚打量她。Habits, customs and traditions have been handed d

55、own from one generation to another.I handed the lady into the car.He headed the uprising. 领导起义Rebellion叛乱I straight headed for my dorm.Hes always nosing into other peoples affairs.My school-book is badly thumbed.The pages of the book were soiled and thumbed with use.She ankled down.她扭着就过来了。Dream wor

56、ks梦工厂Blistering cold Scorching desert Perilous journey Shudder at the thought 两股战战Craven-coward 懦夫A hero risks his life to help others.A craven runs from the scene. 临阵脱逃I thought I would be nervous when I made my speech, but I delivered it without trepidation (fright).Several apprehensive parents te

57、lephoned when the kids were late.anxiousit was dastardly of the captain to desert the sinking ship.Cowardly and meanTimid=shy Lets not be so timid.You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it come true. You may have to work for it, however.Opportunities are usually disgui

58、sed as hard work.事情concern 案例The case concerned Richard.What is a subject?主语是最重要的。Visualization视觉化Desperate 抓狂Hopeless 绝望人们在北方发现美洲狮Puma主语吓死我了Im scared.See through 看穿See sb through 帮助人完成什么事情see class throughSee off See about/to 处理Cannot see the wood for the trees 一叶障目See ones way to See through blue

59、glasses悲观I can see my way to Beijing University.我觉得可以进入北大。See sb through the college帮助某人直到大学毕业One case concerns an eleven-year old girl VPAnd, too, also, otherSuddenly =论述中的howeverKeep the window open A BA+B=F 主表Im holding the baby alone.With the light offLeave me holding the baby alone.Do sth up 收拾

60、 arrangeIn bundles =in this wayIn的用法In good conditionIn classroomIt was noticed Talent was brought to the notice Bring release推出 bring out 在新年伊始，他推出了自己的新专辑At the beginning of the year, he brought out the new album.Bring back 拉回到悲伤童年Talking about it brought it back to DiarrheaBring in 疾病，不良的身体状况Hot hot hot 麻辣烫brought on an attack of acne on my face.Bring down the house 得满堂彩Bring to light 暴光Bring into operationBring into the openBring to a head：The situation was brought to a head.事情已经到了不得不解决的地步Bring home阐述得很彻底明了Set up institute建立Bring out