虚拟语气用法详解

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1、第一章 虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气在从句中的应用一、 条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用

2、 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词2. 中的虚拟语气的举例(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一

3、声。(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.如果

4、我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词假设是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次时机。(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作假设不是同

5、时发生时，须区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今

6、天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了

7、办公室了。(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他容许去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(4

8、) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从

9、句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，假设用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for

10、 fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He

11、 read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come

12、 here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will w

13、ait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引导的

14、让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发

15、生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+原形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好似他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好似有人要来了。4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, ple

16、ased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。 should + 完成式, 指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the e

17、xam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如：The teacher advis

18、ed that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民效劳。但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：说明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile sugge

19、sted that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑说明他在考试中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否认句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中

20、竟获得了第一名？3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前(1)had + 过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last

21、week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had + 过去分词； 现在过去时(be 用were ) 将来过去时(be 用were ) 例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather

22、you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / f

23、rightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that虚拟语气用法详解第一章 虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气在从句中的应用一、 条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式时翟梅泽蟹句豌兔拼厕纯聋盒趁狞皂苟件猾抽钮侯枢捆邑航坠土伪箕对攫皆卵挎菜椿处壁蛔常镍藤悬命宫些三巳矛个虱

24、念蜂夺划愉援比垫托鼻铭桑(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet

25、last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从外表上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟

26、语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Their plan is that they should build a ne

27、w factory in their hometown. 他们的方案就是在家乡建一座新工厂。六、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：“早该做某事了时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。7. 简单句中的虚拟语气1. 说话时，为了表示

28、客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。2. 表示“祝愿时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。May your yo

29、uth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。3. 表示强烈的“愿望、“祝愿时，常用动词原形。如：God bless us. 上帝保佑。4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1) 提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很快乐。I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。

30、(3) 提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。(4) 提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词。如：You sho

31、uld have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。1. “I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. “Its time you _. A. DoB. didC. hadD. would2. “Ive told everyone about it. “Oh, Id rather you _. A. DontB. hadntC. couldntD. wouldnt3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there

32、by tomorrow. A. cant getB. wont getC. hadnt gotD. wouldnt get4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. A. had saidB. saidC. might sayD. might have said5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at onc

33、e. A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated onC. was; should be operatedD. was; be operated on6. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will showB. would showC. am going to showD. am showing 7. Why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?I would have but I _ too busy wor

34、king on the important experiment.A. had beenB. wasC. wereD. am8.Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; whatD. should not send; what9. The workers will go on s

35、trike if the demands they _ put forward are turned down. A. couldB. wouldC. 不填D. had10. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you beB. Should you beC. Could you beD. Might you be答案与解析:1. B。Its time you did 为 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her pres

36、ent 之略。按照英语语法，its time 后从句通常要用过去式。2. B。Id rather 后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。3. A。we cant get there by tomorrow 为客观事实，故宜用陈述语气。4. Dotherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。5. D。insisted 接第一个宾语从句，表示“坚持认为(是怎么回事)，用陈述语气；接第二个宾语从句，表示“坚决要求(做某事)，用虚拟语气。6. B

37、。根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了。7. B。易受前面虚拟语气的影响而误选A。实际上前面虚拟语气的答语采用了省略形式。可补充为：I would have gone to yesterdays meeting if I hadnt been too busy. 所以be too busy是过去的一种实际情况，并不是虚拟的情况。故填空处用陈述语气。虚拟语气用法详解第一章 虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示说话人的愿望

38、、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气在从句中的应用一、 条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式时翟梅泽蟹句豌兔拼厕纯聋盒趁狞皂苟件猾抽钮侯枢捆邑航坠土伪箕对攫皆卵挎菜椿处壁蛔常镍藤悬命宫些三巳矛个虱念蜂夺划愉援比垫托鼻铭桑8. B。因为necessary后的从句要用“(should+)动词原形，排除选项A; 因he与send是被动关系，send要用被动式，排除选项D; 答句中的表语从句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得说明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to New York。9. C。they p

39、ut forward为修饰名词demands的定语从句，按英语语法，当demand用作动词后接宾语从句，或用作名词后接定语从句或同位语从句时，从句谓语习惯上要用should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。10. B。Should you be fired是由If you should be fired变来的，又如：Should you require (=If you should require) anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打 。附：请看下面两道题，虽然不是考查虚拟语气，但其中的虚拟语气对做题至关重要：题1：It looks

40、 as if he were drunk.So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【分析】此题最正确答案为D，但A、B、C均有可能误选，主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were，因为它说明此句的谓语为虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了不是事实，只

41、是他的言行好似是喝醉了，所以此题的最正确答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示强调，意为：他看上去确实像是喝醉了。类似用法：The building looks beautiful. 这房子看上去很美。Yes, so it does. 是的，看上去确实很美。此句中的 so it does 也表强调。题2：I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _ too busy.A. wasB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【分析】此题容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此

42、句谓语要用B或D与之照应。正确答案为A：前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想，而后一句说“我太忙，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请看类例(答案均为A)：(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _ it was gone.A. foundB. had foundC. would findD. would have found(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _.A. didntB. hadntC.

43、would notD. would not been(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _ no time.A. hadB. had hadC. would haveD. would have had(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _ and I couldnt get away.A. calledB. had calledC. would callD. would have called第二章 复合句的用法详解复合句是由主句和一个或一个以

44、上的从句构成的复合句。根据功能可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。一、名词性从句的根本概念在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。什么是名词性从句的三要素1. 引导词也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类，二是if / whether类，三是疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。2. 语序名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语谓语。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。3. 时态假设主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；假设主句的谓语动词

45、是一般过去时，宾语从句假设不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。(1)主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如：Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。注：为防

46、止头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成：It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如：What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest. 但凡做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表语从句就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if， as tho

47、ugh。如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好似要下雪似的。注意：要区分以下句式：1. thats why+结果；thats because+原因。2. the reason why /foris thatHe is absent. Thats because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill. Thats why he is absent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。Th

48、e reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词根本相同。如：They didnt say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。注意：当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代

49、词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词do you think /believe /expect宾语从句的其余局部？如：Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最正确运发动? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么？(4)同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, bel

50、ief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须答复他是否同意此事这们一问题。I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。注：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它

51、所说明的词的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing. 真相终于大白了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名词性从句的根本要素A. 连接词就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类：1. 连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。2. 连词whether：有“是否之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。3. 连接代词：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。4. 连接副词：when, wh

52、ere, why, how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。5. whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管。注意：连接词必须位于从句的最前面。关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。B. 语序必须与陈述句语序相同：主语谓语动词。如：译：我不知道他去哪里了。误：I dont know where has she gone.正：I dont know where she has gone.C. 时态一致假设主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；假设主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如：She said

53、that his father had gone to Beijing. 他说他父亲去北京了。(had不能用has)注：宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如：She told me that the earth goes around the sun. 他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。that与whether (if)引导名词性从句的区别两者均可引导宾语从句，也可引导语从句和表语从句(if 通常不行)，但两者含义不同，whether (if) 表示“是否，that 却不表示任何含义。在它们所引出的从句中，that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether (if) 那么表示一种不肯定、不明确

54、的概念。比拟：Whether hell come is not known yet. 他是否来还不清楚。That hell come is known to us all. 我们都知道他会来。类似地，动词doubt (疑心)后接宾语从句时，由于 doubt的含义不确定，故通常用 whether (if) 来引导其宾语从句，但假设 doubt为否认式，那么其后的宾语从句用 that 来引导。如：I doubt if you are honest. 我疑心你是否老实。I dont doubt that you are honest. 我不疑心你是老实的。that, why 与 because 引导

55、表语从句时的区别虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但 that 没有词义，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，虽然why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调原因。如：The reason was that you dont trust her. 原因是你不信任她。The fact is that they are angry with each other. 事实是他们生彼此的气。He was ill. Thats why he was sent to the hospital. 他病了，所以被送到医院来。He was sent to the hospital

56、. Thats because he was ill. 他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。whether 和if引导名词性从句的区别两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句，表示“是否，常可互换。但除此(用于动词后引导宾语从句)之外，在其他情况下表示“是否时，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状语从句、与or连用分别引导两个分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与 or not 连用等等。如：Ask him whether if he can come. 问他能不能来。The question is whether he can do it. 问题是

57、他能不能做。Answer my question whether you can help him. 答复我你是否能帮助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。注：在某些动词后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如：We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。that与what引导名词性从句的区别that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句

58、中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所的(东西)，在含义上等于“名词+that。如：1. 用that的例子That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少经验，这是显然的。The police learned that he wasnt there at that time. 警察获知他那时不在场。He realized that she too was exhausted. 他意识到她也精疲力尽。My idea is that you shouldnt have left the country. 我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。Bo

59、b has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。It was quite plain that he didnt want to come. 很明显他不想来。It is natural that they should have different views. 他们看法不同是很自然的。2. 用what的例子What (=The thing that) he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。What he had hoped at last came true. 他希望的事终于成为现实。What

60、 he said is beneath contempt. 他说的话不值一理。What he says is true, possibly. 或许他说的是对的。What she saw gave her a fright. 她看到的情况吓了她一跳。What I want to say is this. 我想说的是这一点。Im sorry for what I said. 我为我说的话表示歉意。Thats what I want to know. 这是我想知道的。You had better hear what I have to say. 你最好听听我的意见。I managed to get

61、what I wanted. 我设法得到了我要的东西。It was what he meant rather than what he said. 这是他的原意而不是他的原话。Theres something in what he says. 他的话有些道理。Her interest was roused by what he said. 他的话引起了她的兴趣。He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing. 他一向清楚她不太赞成他的做法。注：that 可引导同位语从句，what

62、不能。如:Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗? 第三章 主谓一致的用法详解1. 语法一致原那么该原那么要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，动词用复数形式：Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。The living-room walls are a light yellow. 客厅的墙是淡黄色。The two factories are in the same locality. 两家工厂都在同一个地区。Her job is teaching French. 她的工作是教法语。The location of the house is near the highway. 房子的地点靠近公路。A large amount of damage was done in a short time. 短期内造成大量损害。2. 意义一致原那么有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概念，而不是其语法形式：This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。