西北工业大学英语研究生翻译3.ppt

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1、Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,1. Whenever he mentioned his big donation to the orphanage, he could not be restrained from making rather an ostentatious p_ of his liberty.,

2、Vocabulary,arade,2. Smallpox finally ceased to be a s_ in the last century with the great efforts of the scientists.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,courge,3. Fig

3、hts could not help the two countries settle down the territory disagreement, and at last, they placed the disputed land under UN s_ .,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabul

4、ary,urveillance,4. By his red and swollen leg we concluded that those mosquitoes in that area must have been very v_.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,irulent,5. D

5、uring the World War , the shabby little bar successfully h_ many Jews who would otherwise have been slaughtered by Hitler.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,arbored

6、,6. Supported by the local government, demonstrators succeeded in d_ the international summit held there.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,isrupting,7. The preside

7、nt was b_ with questions the moment he finished his speech on the controversial issue.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,ombarded,8. The reason why the people who h

8、ave received the vaccine may still c_ the flu is that the new virus is of a different type.,Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words you have learned in the text without referring to the original. The first letter for each word is given.,Vocabulary,ontracted,B. Translate the following s

9、entences into English.,1、尽管他的科研工作不断出现困难，但他都一一克服了，并最终发现了这种新的元素。（crop up）,Though difficulties kept on cropping up in his work, he still succeeded in finding this new element after solving all the problems.,2、火车以飞快的速度行驶，一天的旅行就把他从白雪皑皑的北国带到了赤日炎炎的南方。(at a good clip),The train was moving at such a good cli

10、p that one days travel brought him to the south with scorching sun from the northern part of the country covered with white snow.,B. Translate the following sentences into English.,During her first voyage to the sea, the ships engine break down, so she left at the mercy of the rough sea.,B. Translat

11、e the following sentences into English.,3、第一次出海航行时，由于发动机出现了故障，这艘船在大海中由风浪任意摆布。(at the mercy of),While seeking after their own profit, some companies ignore the farmer workers interest. Recently, the government has been bombarded with the complaints about delayed payment.,4、一些公司贪求利润而置农民工的利益于不顾，政府部门最近收

12、到许多拖欠工资的投诉。（bombard）,B. Translate the following sentences into English.,With the bird flu emerging in some Asian countries, our government has placed the imported food under close surveillance.,5、随着亚洲的一些国家发生禽流感，我国加强了对从这些国家进口食品的严格监控。(surveillance),B. Translate the following sentences into English.,Wh

13、ile economic globalization has brought absolute opportunities to some Chinese , the challenges it causes to others are also unmistakable.,6、虽然经济全球化给一些中国人带来了绝对的机遇，但它给其他人所带来的挑战也是很明显的。(unmistakable),B. Translate the following sentences into English.,To our relief ,the vote in this assembly stopped cert

14、ain countries from containing China.,7、令我们欣慰的是，这次大会中的投票表决挫败了某些国家遏制中国的企图。(contain),B. Translate the following sentences into English.,With some people , the old saying “Ones character at three years old seals his fate .”is true, but there are many people with different experiences.,8、在有些人，谚语“三岁看到老”的说

15、法是真的，但有许多人不是这种经历。(seal),B. Translate the following sentences into English.,Direction: According to the author, human progress has been producing succeeding negative effects upon themselves, of which, some have been minor, some have been destructive and killing. Do you share his view? How do you comm

16、ent on human progress? Analyzing it by proving some facts.,Writing Practice,The Real Progress As civilization advances, human beings has continuously explored their brains to make a great progress to leave their names in the milestones. Realize it or not, Atom-Age and Space-Age have passed; the new

17、Chip-Age is coming unknowingly! Just as what some have blasted, the progresses humans have made in the past 100 years are far more than ever before. However, behind the big progresses, plenty of uncontrollable problems exist. We build more roads,Writing Practice,Sample,Writing Practice,Sample,cities

18、 and airports by pushing back the forest only to destroy the ecological equation, which has reacted to human actions with one disaster after another. We take better and better advantage of automobiles only to create worse and worse greenhouse effect on the earth that, in turn, is daily making their

19、living environment an unsuitable habitation. So some scholars point out that the more we want to improve our life, the bigger chance there is that we are to invite deadly disasters.,Whats the real progress? On the one hand, it is something that human beings can benefit from in the long run; on the o

20、ther hand, its drawbacks wont endanger us. Therefore, when we talk about human progresses with enthusiasm, we should also cool ourselves to assess their dark points disinterestedly. Before we decide to take some actions to make certain progresses, we are supposed to balance its benefit and harm care

21、fully. Does it really push human civilization forward?,Writing Practice,Sample,Does it expose unexpected bad consequences on us? How can we prevent its ugly dark side? Is it really worth doing it? If the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks, we will do it without any hesitation; otherwise, we cant si

22、mply define it as a progress. In conclusion, if humans can have objective, wise view on the item of “real” progress, they are bound to improve their life more, and, at the same time, reduce the chance that they are to invite deadly disasters.,Writing Practice,Sample,1a. SARS may have dominated the h

23、eadlines last week, but it wasnt the only weird disease on the World Health Organizations radar screen. In central Africa, an outbreak of the dreaded Ebola fever had stretched into its fifth month. In Belgium and the Netherlands, a virulent new strain of avian flu was wiping out entire chicken farms

24、. Dutch farmers recently slaughtered 18 million birds in hopes of stopping the outbreak.,Detailed Study,1a.上周，非典大概占据了各家报纸的头版头条, 但它并非世界卫生组织的报告中唯一的怪病。 在中部非洲，致命的埃博拉出血热前爆发以来已持续五个月； 在比利时和荷兰，一种新的致命的禽流感席卷了所有的养鸡场。为了阻止该病的爆发，荷兰的农场主最近宰杀了1800万只家禽。,1b.Yet the bird flu has spread to several provinces and jumped f

25、rom poultry to pigs and even people causing 83 human cases. people have suffered only eye inflammation, but some have developed respiratory illness. One of them, a 57year old veterinary surgeon, recently died of pneumonia. “Bird flu virus was . found in the lungs,” according to an April 19 statement

26、 from the Dutch Agriculture Ministry, “and no other cause of death could be detected.” Sound familiar?,Detailed Study,1b.然而,禽流感已经蔓延到几个省，并由家禽传染给猪，甚至人也受到感染，目前已有八十三例病人。大多数禽流感病人只表现为眼睛发炎，但有些还并发呼吸道感染。其中一位五十七岁的外科兽医最近死于肺炎。 根据荷兰农业部四月十九日的报告，“在死者肺部发现禽流感病毒，并没发现有任何其它死因。”很耳熟，不是吗？,Detailed Study,2a.非典,埃博拉出血热，禽流感，可

27、怕的新病层出不穷，而每一种病都证实：尽管人类很聪明，但还没彻底摆脱病菌的威胁。30年前的情况似乎不同。当时，天花已基本根治，也没有什么“艾滋病”，而且，医学也在日新月异地发展。然而，正当乐观派宣告我们战胜乐细菌之时，我们的大都市，农工联合企业，喷气式飞机 ，以及血库，都在为传染开辟新的途径。,2a . SARS. Ebola. Avian flu. The parade of frightening new maladies continues, each one confirming that our species, for all its cleverness, still lives

28、at the mercy of the microbe. It didnt seem that way 30 years ago not with smallpox largely defeated, AIDS still undreamed of and medical science evolving at an unprecedented clip. But even as optimists proclaimed victory over the germ, our megacities, factory farms, jet planes and blood banks were o

29、pening broad new avenues for infection.,Detailed Study,2b.人类发展的不利影响现在是显而易见的；使我们生活更加舒适的种种进步也已经是我们更加危险了。从20世纪70年代中期以来，出现了大约30种新的疾病引起了好几千万人的死亡而被人们忘记了的种种灾难以惊人的规律性又卷土重来。医学协会的新的研究报告中指出“传染病将会继续产生。报告警告骄傲自满、不采取行动会导致（接）触（传）染的”灾难风暴“。那么我们为什么不采取什么样的措施呢？,2b.The dark side of progress is now unmistakable: many of t

30、he advances that have made our lives more comfortable have also made them more dangerous. Some 30 new diseases have cropped up since the mid-1970s causing tens of millions of deathsand forgotten scourges have resurfaced with alarming regularity. “Infectious diseases will continue to emerge,” the Ins

31、titute of Medicine declares in a new report, warning that complacency and inaction could lead to a catastrophic storm” of contagion. So whats to be done?,2c.As the SARS outbreak has shown, surveillance is critical. By spotting new infections wherever they occur, and working globally to contain them,

32、 we can greatly reduce their impact. But is preparedness our ultimate weapon? Do we know enough about the genesis of new diseases to prevent them? Could we avert the next SARS? The next AIDS? What would a reasonable strategy look like?,Detailed Study,2c.正如SARS爆发所表明的那样，监测是十分重要的。不管一些新的传染病在哪里发生，通过及时发现它

33、们，我们就能极大的降低它们的影响。可是做好准备就是我们最终的武器吗？我们是否充分了解了新疾病的起源来防治它们？我们能避免另一种像SARS那样的新疾病吗？还有另一种像艾滋病那样的新疾病吗？什么看来像是一个明智的防治策略呢？,3a. We dont hold all the cards in this game. Most new diseases begin when a person catches something from an animala transaction shaped by chance or even the weather. When healthy young adu

34、lts started dying of a SARS-like syndrome in New Mexico 10 years ago, it took health experts several weeks of intensive lab work to identify the culprit. To the scientists amazement, it wasnt a human pathogen at all. It was a novel member of the hantavirus family, a group of rodent viruses that some

35、times spread through the air after rats or mice shed them in their urine.,Detailed Study,3a.在对传染病的战斗中我们并没有绝对的优势。大多数新的疾病愿与人从动物那儿感染的某种东西这种传染的形式是偶发事件甚或是天气造成的。10年前在新墨西哥，当健康的年轻人开始死于一种类似非典综合症是，医学专家在实验室进行了几周深入的研究来确定病因。令科学家吃惊的是：它本身比是人类的病原体。它和啮齿动物病毒类群（汉坦病毒类群）中的新成员，大鼠或小鼠有时通过排尿将病毒扩散到空气中去。,Detailed Study,3b.以前在

36、亚洲曾数次爆发过这种传染病。那么，为什么当时在新墨西哥州有人死亡呢？现在科学家认为，美国小鼠身上始终潜伏着这种病毒，在工具房和地下室他们从来没有达到散布传染剂量的足够数量。那年打破这种平衡厄尔尼诺现象。海洋的异常变化给美国西南部带来非同寻常的暖冬，导致小鼠数量激增汉坦病毒数量也随之大量增加。,3b.The previous outbreaks had occurred in Asia. So why were people dying in New Mexico? Scientists now believe the American mice had harbored the virus a

37、ll along but had never been populous enough to scatter infectious doses peoples tool-sheds and basements. What changed the equation that year was El Nino. The ocean disturbance causes an unusually warm winter in the Southwest. The mouse population exploded as a resultand the hantavirus got a free ri

38、de.,Detailed Study,4a. Until someone harnesses the jet stream, such accidents are sure to happen. But quirky weather isnt the greatest threat we face. As ecologists study the causes of disease emergence, theyre finding that human enterprise is a far more significant force. Almost any activity that d

39、isrupts a natural environment can enhance the mobility of disease-causing microbes.,4a.在人们控制海洋急流之前，这样的偶然事情肯定还会发生。然而，异常的天气并非我们面临的最大威胁。当生态学家们研究疾病发生的原因时， 他们发现人类活动的作用显得更为重要。几乎任何打破生态平衡的活动都能引起致病细菌的活动性增强。,Detailed Study,4b.Consider what happened in the 1980s, when farmers in Venezuelas Portuguesa state cle

40、ared millions of acres of forest to create cropland The farms drew as many rats and mice as people, and the rodents introduced a deadly new virus into the region. The so-called Guanarito virus causes fever, shock and hemorrhaging. It infected more than 100 people, leaving a third of them dead.,4b.想想

41、在20世纪80年代所发生的事吧：委内瑞拉波图格萨州的农民为拓宽农田而砍伐几百万英亩森林。农场吸引了许多人，同时也吸引了多多的老鼠。田鼠把一种新的致命的病毒带到这个地区。被称之为瓜纳瑞托的病毒引起发热，休克和出血。有一百多人被传染，其中三分之一死亡。,Detailed Study,5a. Malaysian pig farmers had a similar experience in 1999, after they started pushing back the forest to expand their operations. As barns replaced forestland,

42、 displaced fruit bats started living in the rafters, bombarding the pigs drinking water with a pathogen now known as the Nipah virus.,5a.1999年, 马来西亚人为扩大养猪业而砍伐森林以后, 他们的养猪场有过类似的经历。猪场取代了森林以后，无处栖息的狐蝠开始以屋椽为居，用一种现称尼巴病毒的病原体污染了猪的饮用水。,Detailed Study,5b.纽约州巴利塞得的保护野生动物基金组织主席马利普尔说“猪感染了一种严重的咳嗽（人称一英里 咳嗽），因为人们在很远的

43、地方能听到猪的咳嗽声。” 。病毒迅速由猪传染给了饲养员，导致严重脑炎，感染的人中40%死亡。当马来西亚政府封闭了八个养猪场，宰杀了一百万头猪时，流行病才停止蔓延。,5b.“The pigs developed an explosive cough that became known as the one-mile cough because you could hear it from so far away,” says Mary Pearl, president of the Wildlife Trust in Palisades, N.Y. The virus soon spread f

44、rom the pigs to their keepers, causing extreme brain inflammation and killing 40 percent of the affected people. The outbreak ended when Malaysian authorities closed eight farms and slaughtered a million pigs.,Detailed Study,6a. The point is not that rain forests are dangerous. Its that blindly rear

45、ranging ecosystems can be hazardous to our healthwhether were in the Amazon Basin or the woods of Connecticut. Thats where Lyme disease emerged, and it, too, is a product of the way we use our land. Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme, lives in the bodies of deer and white-footed mi

46、ce, passing between those animals in the heads of biting ticks.,6a.事实上，热带雨林并不危险。对我们健康造成威胁的是盲目改变生态系统,无论我们在亚马孙河流域还是康乃迪格州的森林，后者即是莱姆病的发生地。起因还是我们随意使用土地。莱姆病的致病菌伯氏舒螺旋体住在鹿和白爪鼠体内，通过吸血虱的头部在这类动物当中传播。,Detailed Study,6b.人类世世代代穿行在充满这类生物的小路上，直到一九七五年才发生第一例莱姆病。为什么我们的抵抗力突然间下降了呢？在纽约州密尔布鲁克生态系统研究所的一位动物生态学家里查德奥思特菲尔德把这件事和

47、城市郊区开发联系起来。在原始森林里，狐狸和美洲野猫捕食携带病菌的老鼠，从而起到了阻止疾病传播的作用。,6b.People have crossed paths with all these critters for generations, yet the first known case of Lyme disease dates back only to 1975. Why did we suddenly become vulnerable? Richard Ostfeld, an animal ecologist at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies

48、 in Millbrook, N.Y., has tied the event to suburban development. In open woodlands, foxes and bobcats keep a lid on the Lyme agent by hunting the mice that carry it.,Detailed Study,6c.但是，当开发者将森林地带砍伐成为可以出售的小块土地时，天敌消失了，小鼠和寄生在他们身上的壁虱异常增加。奥斯特尔德最近在对纽约的一些林地进行了调查，发现传染性壁虱在1-2英亩林地中的数量大约为10-15英亩林地中的7倍。他的结论是：“

49、人们在斯卡斯代尔比在卡茨基尔山更加容易患莱姆病。”,6c.But the predators vanish when developers chop woodlands into subdivisions, and the mice and their ticks proliferate unnaturally. In a recent survey of woodlots in New York, Ostfeld found that infected ticks were some seven times as prevalent on one and two-acre lots as t

50、hey were on lots of 10 to 15 acres. His bottom line: “Youre more likely to get Lyme disease in Scarsdale than the Catskills.”,7a. Fortunately, youre not likely to spread it in either place. Even when a microbe succeeds at leaping from one species to another, the new host is often a dead end. Neither

51、 Nipah nor Guanarito can spread from person to person. The hantaviruses have the same problem. And a tick could suck on a Lyme-disease patient all day without getting enough bacteria to infect its next host. The infections we get from primates and pigs are a whole different story.,Detailed Study,7a.

52、所幸的是，在这俩个地方的人都不可能传染该病。即使病菌从一个物种传到另一物种，新的寄主也常常是传播的死胡同。尼巴病和瓜纳瑞托病毒都不会在人群中传播。汉坦病毒也一样。一个虱子可以在一个莱姆病人身上吸一整天的血也不能获得足够的病菌去感染下一个人。而我们从灵长类动物和猪传染的疾病则完全不同。,7b.When the Ebola virus jumps from an ape into a person, it often races through a family or a hospital before burning itself out. And HIV is still spreading

53、steadily after three decades of person-to-person transmission. It has infected some 60 million people since crossing over from chimpanzees, and its emergence was no fluke of the weather. We placed ourselves in the path of the virus, we moved it around the world, and were well poised to do it again.,

54、Detailed Study,7b.当埃博拉病毒从猿传到人，往往在它失去生命力之前，在短期内迅速感染病人全家或整个医院。在人群中传染了三十年以后，HIV（人体免疫缺损病毒即艾滋病病毒）如今仍然在扩散。自从黑猩猩传染了艾滋病以来,已有大约六千万人类患者。而它的传播不是偶然的天气事件。我们使自己成为了病毒的传播途径，我们把病毒传播到了世界各地，现在我们又泰然自若地一而再、再而三的重复这个过程。,8a. The human AIDS viruses are descended from simian pathogens known as SIVS. HIV-1 is essentially a ch

55、impanzee virus, while HIV-2 (a rarer and milder bug) comes from the sooty mangabey ( a monkey). How did the chimp virus make its way into humans?,Detailed Study,8a.人类艾滋病病毒来源于叫做SIVS 的猴子致病菌。HIV-1基本上是黑猩猩病毒，HIV-2，一种少见的，而且毒性也小一些的病毒，源于黑猴。那么，黑猩猩病毒又是怎样传染给人类的呢？,8b.The best guess is that African hunters contr

56、acted it while butchering animals, and then passed it on through sexual contact. Until a few decades ago, that hunting accident would have been a local misfortune, a curse played out in a few rural villages. What turned it into a holocaust was not just a new infectious agent but a proliferation of r

57、oads, cities and airports, a breakdown of social traditions, and the advent of blood banking and needle sharing.,Detailed Study,8b.很有可能是非洲的猎人在捕杀黑猩猩的时候被感染的，然后通过性接触传给别人。几十年前，这类捕猎时的偶然事件在当地被看成不幸的事，它是一些农村人诅咒别人的话。把它变成一大杀手的并非是一种新的传染媒介，而是剧增的道路，城市和机场，社会传统观念的危机，血库的使用，以及合用注射器。,8c.Those conditions virtually sea

58、led HIVs success, and they continue to rocket obscure bugs into every corner of the world. “The volume and speed of travel are unprecedented,” says Dr Mary Wilson of Harvard. “We are interconnected in ways that werent true a century ago.”,Detailed Study,8c.这种情形几乎决定了HIV的传播成功，因为它不断把这原本默默无闻的病菌飞速带到地球的每一

59、个角落。“游客的数量和旅游的速度都达到历史最高水平。”哈佛大学的马利威尔逊博士说，“如今人类社会的相互联系的程度及方式是一个世纪前所不能想象的。”,Detailed Study,9a. SARS is only the latest reminder of how powerful those connections can be. The novel coronavirus that causes the syndrome emerged from Guangdong, the same Chinese province that delivers new flu viruses to th

60、e world most years. Pigs, ducks, chickens and people live cheek-by-jowl on the districts primitive farms, exchanging flu and cold germs so rapidly that a single pig can easily incubate human and avian virus simultaneously.,9a.非典再一次提醒我们这种密切联系的威力。新的致病的冠状病毒源于广东，亦即常常向全球传播流感病毒的那个中国省份。在那个地区的原始农场，猪，鸭，鸡和人亲密

61、地生活在一起，导致流感和感冒病毒的交叉感染如此迅速，以至于在一头猪的身上很容易同时培养出人类病毒和禽流感病毒。,Detailed Study,9b.The dual infections can generate hybrids that escape antibodies aimed at the originals, setting off a whole new chain of human infection. The clincher is that these farms sit just a few miles from Guangzhou, a teeming city tha

62、t mixes people, animals and microbes from the countryside with travelers from around the world. You could hardly design a better system for turning small outbreaks into big ones.,9b.这样的双重感染会产生病毒的杂种,导致针对原来病毒的抗体无效, 从而就开始了新一轮的人类疾病。关键是这些农场和广州市只相距几英里，这座热闹的城市把南来北往的人群，来自农村的动物和细菌与来自世界各地的游客混同在一起。这真是让小范围的发病向外

63、传播的再好不过的环境了。,Detailed Study,10. For all the fear it has caused, SARS clearly isnt the big one, at least not in its current incarnation. The coronavirus that causes it is as nasty as any flu virus, but it doesnt get around very easily. And as University of Louisville evolutionist Paul Ewald points ou

64、t, an epidemic cant sustain itself unless each patient infects more than one other person. “If each SARS case were generating even two others,” he says, “we would have seen hundreds of thousands by now.” A doomsday flu virus would approach the virulence of the SARS agent, but it would infect people

65、by the roomful.,尽管非典带来异常恐慌，它显然不是太严重，至少从它目前的情况看。致病的冠状病毒和流感病毒同样严重，但它不太容易传染。正像路易威尔大学进化学家保罗.埃威尔德指出的那样，除非每个病人传染的人数超过一人，这种流行性病就流行不下去。“倘若一个非典病人会传染两个人，”他指出，“我们现在就会看到成千上万的患者了。”一种致命的流感病毒会和非典病毒的毒性相似，但它所感染的人却是成批成批的。,11a. Such pandemic flu viruses have emerged in the past, and many experts believe its only a mat

66、ter of time until it happens again. How can we lessen the danger? A long-term strategy would have to include modernizing the worlds farms, improving basic health care and stockpiling vaccines and antiviral drugs. As science illuminates the ecology of infectious disease, it may also inspire wiser, safer approaches to land use and wilderness preservation.,Detailed Study,11a.过去就有过这类大范围流行的流感病毒，专家们认为迟早还要发生。我们怎样减少这种危险呢？ 长期的战略应包括建设全球范围的现