基础英语语音知识

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1、第一章 基础英语语音知识（） 字母、音标与读音*ABC 一、学习语音的意义： 语言是交流思想的工具，是有声的。人们通过有声的语言，达到交流思想的目的。英语语音中的每个音素都有区别词义的作用，发音不准确会导致词义的误解，而且影响单词的准确记忆，同时影响学习的信心。如:把 sheep /i:p/ 读成/ip/，就会将“绵羊”误解为“轮船”。读音不准确，将crowded误拼为crowed。因此，要想能正确流利地说英语和拼读英文，必须掌握好语音。 二、音标记忆与理解： 48个英语音标犹如60个汉语拼音，只要熟练地掌握了它们，对学习英语的作用是相当大的。第一、能握简驭繁地把众多的英语单词读准。第二、英语

2、的音和形有很多相似之处，只要平时注意积累发音规则，就可以达到听其音而知其形，见其形而晓其音。这一点比学汉语容易多了。既然音标如此重要，那么我们怎样才能结合具体情况，把英语音标学好呢？以下方法为你提供了一些关于语音的基础知识，但愿能对大家有所帮助。（一）如何学音标：（1）先学好字母音标。通过唱字母歌已十分熟悉字母的发音了，把这些字母的音标写出来，一方面可以使字母的发音从理性上读得更规范；另一方面，英语音标有感性认识，觉得英语跟汉语一样，也有一套给它们的形注的音。同时，你可以熟练地查字典，运用工具书。元音字母和辅音字母的分类：元音字母：a, e,i(y), o, u；辅音字母：b, c, d, f

3、, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z。26个字母的大小写及发音如下：Aa /ei/ Bb /bi:/ Cc /si:/ Dd /di:/ Ee /i:/ Ff /ef/ Gg /di:/ Hh /eit/ Ii /ai/ Jj /dei/Kk /kei/ Ll /el/ Mm /em/ Nn / en / Oo /u/ Pp /pi:/ Qq / kju:/ Rr /:/ Ss /es/ Tt /ti:/ Uu /ju:/ Vv /vi:/ Ww /dblju:/ Xx /eks/ Yy /wai/ Zz /zi:/ &/zed

4、/（2）学国际音标。首先了解一些基本概念：字母：语言的书写形式。音标：词的语音形式。音素：音的最小的单位。音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。元音：发音响亮.口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主音。辅音：发音不响亮.口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。开音节：1. 辅音+元音+辅音+e. 如：name, like, dome .2. 辅音+元音. 如： he, go, hi.闭音节:1. 辅音+元音+辅音. 如：map, mop, dip.2. 元音+辅音. 如：it.重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。三、音标例释元音：单元音短元音/i/u/e/长元音/i:/:/:/u:/:/双元音/ei

5、/ /ai/ /u/ /au/ /i/ /i/ /e/ /u/辅音：清浊成对辅音清辅音/p/t/k/f/s/t/ts/tr/浊辅音/b/d/g/v/z/d/dz/dr/其他辅音/h/ /m/ /n/ /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/ /目的与作用：系统、熟练地掌握英语音标。这个掌握，就是要达到能读、能默写，为后面学单词时随时用，随时拿得出作准备。其直接作用在于：1、元音发音在名词词首,判断冠词a, an的差别。2、记住清辅音，对名词变复数，动词变第三人称单数，动词的过去式的读音规则有极好的分辨作用。3、了解辅音爆破音，对读英语的失去爆破很有帮助。我们可以通过常见的单词来记忆和熟悉各个音标和发音。

6、下面给大家一些参考例子。1. 元音：(语音重点难点)1) /i:/ sea, he, see, piece, ceiling, reach, secret, machine, police, key, season, police, please2) /i/ sit, build, miss, myth, before, begin, bring, chimney, cinema, city, film, hit, ill, dig, fill3) /e/ bed, desk, head,wet, bell, best, centre, address, clever, get, left,

7、pen, question, neck4) / bad, land, bank, stamp, angry, back, candle, accident, carry, dad, bag, map, blank, glad5) /a:/ car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt, after, dance, glass,hard, half, market, pardon, farm6) / cup, come, blood, rough, courage, hurry, jump, sun, supper, up, just, cut, uncle, such

8、7) / hot, want, fond, borrow, clock, drop, cost, copy, along, holiday, modern, opposite, cough 8) /:/ door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught, water, four, draw, small, talk9) /u:/ who, blue, soup,food, June, zoo, fruit, lose, shoe, choose, noodle, move, noon, group10) /u/ good,

9、 look, book, put, woman, could, would, pull, full, wood,wool, foot, push, sugar11) /:/ girl, work, serve, nurse, certain, skirt, learn, word, birth, first, worse, journey, turn12) / ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday, silver, injure, official, desert13) /ei/ cake, they, play, eigh

10、t, great,break, able, baby, game, again, wait, place, way, say14) /ai/ bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye, child, fine, ice, China, Friday, decide15) /u/ phone, cold, boat, soul, grow, alone, hold, hole, home, go, open, only, snow, total 16) /au/ house, town, about, out, round, south,

11、 cloud, shout, hour, loud, crowd, how, flower17) /i/ boy, oil, noise, enjoy, join, noisy, toilet,destroy, employ, point, boil, voice, toy, voyage18) /i/ dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,clear, ear, near, serious, museum, hear, pioneer19) /e/ pear, care, there, fair, pair, wear, their, parent, where, c

12、hair, air, prepare, spare, area20) /u/ tour, poor, sure, during, tour, cruel, tourist, pure, Europe, poor, sure2. 容易混淆的元音1) /e/ / bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land2) /i:/ /ei/ real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid3) /e/ /ai/ bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide4) /au/ /: / house

13、horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud claw5) /au/ / found fond; gown gone; doubt dot3. 辅音1) /p/ pen,stop, poor, parent2) /b/ bed, comb, blame3) /t/ tell,student, it, hit4) /d/ day, played, wanted5) /k/ cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept6) /g/ big, go, guess, language7) /m/ ma

14、n, mind, mouth8) /n/ nine, knife, autumn9) / bank, uncle, English, sing,10) /l/ land, world11) /r/ read, write,12) /f/ five, cough, laugh13) /v/ voice, of14) / think, heath, wealth15) / this, bathe,with, smooth16) /s/ sit, miss, science, case, scarf17) /z/ zoo, close,lose,theirs, zero18) / sure, she

15、, social, nation19) / pleasure, treasure, mesure20) /h/ hot, who, house21) /w/ wall, what, answer22) /j/ yes, year, yet23) / t/ child, teach, catch24) /d/ joke, bridge,25) /ts/ boats, students26) /dz/ goods, clouds27) /tr/ tree, destroy28) /dr/ dream4. 容易混淆的辅音1)/v/ /w/ vet wet; vest west; vine wine;

16、 very well2)/s/ / sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math3)/z/ / closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes4) /n/ / thin thing; sin sing; ban bang；win wing; ran rang5. 读音规则1) 重读音节 (见单词重音)。2) 非重读音节 / banana, student, today, after, / i / orange, secret, evening, very, Monday。6. 特殊读音1）音的连读：前面

17、的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Cant you see it? last ye

18、ar, this year,7. 重音： 1)单词重音A)双音节词：a) 一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry；b) 有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。about, believe, address, decide, report, condemn, respect, compare, inform, discuss, impress, mistake, enforce, pr

19、epare, employ, permit, escape, produce, exclaim,translate；c) 有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content； d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。outside, retell, well-known, un

20、real, fifteen, Chinese, pre-war, post-warB)多音节词：a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficult, communist, family, economy, opportunity,democracy. b) 有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, disturbance, complicated, establishment。c) 词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic,

21、 -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodic, mathematics, experience,sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective；d) 词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。entertain, employee, mou

22、ntaineer, Japanese, cigarette 2)句子重音A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词beD) 实词不重读的特殊情况：a) 实词第二次出现：He thinks of that as a child thinks.b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰：I met her in the railway station.

23、c) 代替词：Which book do you want? The small one.d) 感叹词中的：what 和how What a nice day it is! How handsome he is!e) street 在专有名词中 Peter Street.f)this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/eveningE)虚词重读的特殊情况：a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you an instructor? Yes, I am.Can you help me? Yes,

24、 I can. I dont like you. He isnt a teacher.b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。He may come this afternoon. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, she found a letter. She is the person I talked with.d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him.e)反身代词表示强调。She c

25、ouldnt come herself.【核心提示】 多听多练，熟能够生巧。注意特殊发音；强调情境理解和思维的灵活性以及反应的敏捷。量与材料要到位。即使是全国II卷的语音题难度并不大。但是又要注意1音标不可以认为无意义而忽视，而且我们都知道语言是离不开发音的。熟能生巧。2学会音标。它只能作为参考，或在没有其它方法的情况下使用。不能对它产生依赖性。不同地区、不同的人在发音方面都会有所差异，要注意它的变化，提高应变力。3先听录音给你读出标准的英语。你千万不能自己先读。如不清楚，用音标作为参考。4唯一成功方法是 - 多听，多模仿，多实践，多体悟。5语音的学习和意识的有效运用会促进词汇的记忆能力，也是

26、英语学习的心理上的推动力。6语音学习不必受优美动听的语音带来的压力而失去信心。我们可以模仿音调，或是只是为了欣赏，因为有时天生的嗓音决定了一切。但是好听，不意味着英文好。第二章 基础英语语音知识（II）字母及字母组合的读音规则一览表【考点聚焦】1、元音字母和元音字母组合的发音；2、辅音字母和辅音字母组合的发音；3、转换或派生词的发音； 4、字母的不发音情况；5、单词附加词尾的读音。【预测押题】同时，下列所有示例词汇也是对2009届高考的预测。希望大家认真记忆。一、基本读音规则归纳1、元音字母的读音：字母读音例 词规则及位置例外Aa/ei/game plate late tradetake sp

27、ade translate graduateheadache operate liberateage face在重读或非重读开音节中have, caf /; vase /a:/; /average baggage cabbage chocolate comrade cottage courage damage fortunately language luggage manage message necklace palace passage private separate(a.) surface village voyage manager savage 此为词汇表中字母a在非重读开音节中

28、读/i/所有单词。/ /bag black glad plan thanklamp badly man bag happycapital jacket在重读闭音节中 any many anything /e/a:/class classmate classroomgrass glass pass passer-byvast past master last fast broadcast staff answer dance plant advance,bath mask task basket在ss, st, sp, sk, th, f, n之前assistant astonish break

29、fast /mass passage passenger grandma manner / /castle fasten /a:/taste waste bathe /ei/wash wander want wallet what在w/wh之后water例外： /: /allow China machine againcamera vacation vegetablebreakfast pleasant magazinewoman在非重读音节中Ee/i:/Chinese these be she we eve complete在重读开音节中live、give例外：/ i/e/best lett

30、er hen lend neck center invent medicine whether terrible在重读闭音节中 English, England / i/i/before behind effect careless select develop decide believe research在弱读音节中/hundred excellent silence problem children open September, sentence在弱读音节中/e/record relative rescue rest restaurant recognizere-前缀为重读音节rece

31、nt / i:/i/record, recover refer refuse regard regret relate relation remain remember remind remove repair repeat reply report,republic,research ,respect respond, result, receive, repayre前缀为非重读音节Ii(y)/ai/price rise life smile beside polite surprise find nine why while nice在开音节中 在nd, ld前forgive give l

32、ive /i/；police, magazine, machine, technique /i:/i/dig film gift lid miss picture winter children difficult milk thin bridge little it mirror在闭音节中find island flight climb child design kind mind wild blind /ai/holiday possible terrible horrible, impossible多在ble前O o/u/hole home joke no radio smoke mot

33、or hold post program whole有的在ld,st前在重读开音节中move, movement shoe whose prove lose do improve disapprove /u:/moment /u/across box cost common comrade top knock not lot hot pocket song office在重读闭音节中most mostly almost post comb cold fold scold both clothes /u/;worry son colour, among, once /wolf ,woman /u

34、/come, love some cover brother mother other none在m, n, v前在开音节中/Official,position,society,freedom second, seldom, tonight, police在非重读闭音节中Uu/ju:/duty huge use university tube Tuesday museum universe pupil student music在重读开音节中在开音节中辅音/l/r/后,在l, r, z, 之后读/u:/:true blue June rule 等。此外busybusiness /i/; bur

35、y /e/club cup suffer umbrella lunch Sunday, hurry, suddenly subject uncle brush在重读闭音节中truth /u:/u/bullet bulletin cruel full pull put push/i/busy business build例外 ui /i/u:/true blue June rule在l,r,j之后/difficult industry support supply until unless autumn弱读/非重读闭音节中 minute /i/Yy/ai/type satisfy/i/prett

36、y beauty2元音字母组合字母字母组合位置与读音例词例外aar/a:/harm sharpwarm warn（在w后）ai重读音节 /ei/fail pain main against trainwaiter afraidbargain /i/said /e/tainBritain certain curtain /tn/fountainmountain/tn/ AME &/tin/BREcontain obtain /tein/captain /tin/alwall ball call fall hall small tall walk chalk talkcalm palm half在

37、/f/m/前/:/shall /almost already also although altogether always also salt / :l/au(gh)/:/autumn august cause taught caught daughter naughtyaunt laugh /:/aw/:/dawn draw law lawyer sawair, ere,are重读音节/e/Air affair chair care share share compare glare square there wherehere merely /i/are arent /:/ay(ai,e

38、y)重读音节/ei/say way delay day may play main may gray/greysaid says /e/非重读音节中/i/Sunday, Monday holiday valley captaincertain Britain中ai发音/eea/i:/beat each easily league meat season meantime stealreality rilitibeautiful bju:tful不发音ocean非重读音节 /e/bread dead headache sweater heavy, breakfast, health, feath

39、erpleasure/ei/Great break greatly/i/idea realize real really theatre areaearappear beard clear dear ear fear hear near nearly nuclear tear(n.) year /i/heart /:/bear pear wear tear (v.) /e/heard learn early earn earth research search /:/ee/i:/see sleep street degree indeed succeed treecoffee /i/eer/i

40、/engineer deer beer cheer pioneerer/:/refer mercysergeant clerk(Am.E)/a:/ei/i:/receive seize ceiling(在/s/后为ei)Foreign /i/either neither height /ai/ei/eight neighbor weighexexact examination examine exhibit exist /igz/except,excite,exciting,excuse,expensive,experience experiment, explain explode expl

41、oit express expression extraordinary extremely expect /iks/Excellent exercise exhibition expert extra next/eks/ewfew honeydew new news newspaper interview nephew view /ju:/threw grew crew blew flew drew Jew /u:/ey重读音节中/i/ obey hey grey they非重读音节中/i/ chimney, journey, money, monkey valley, volleyball

42、key /i:/iie/i:/ chief, field, thief, believe, piece, achieve, briefconvenient convenience/i/& /j/friend /e/ai/ die lie tiepatient / handkerchief/i/experience fierce/i/interview review /ju:/ai/ diet quiet variety science scientific scientist societyire, ia, io/ai/fire hire inspire tire dialogue pione

43、er violin diary diamondRussia / period /i/igh,ig/ai/Bright flight light night right eyesight sigh signir/:/first virtueire/ai/hire wireOoaaboard blackboard board broad broadcast /:/Cupboard /boat coal coast goal goat overcoat raincoat road soap throat /u/oi(y)/i/boil oil noise voice boy joy toy poin

44、t enjoyor/: /order forty; /:/ worm world (在w后); / visitor conductoroo在d,k前 /u/book cook good football goodbye goods notebook wood wooden(d,k之前读短/u/，脚短靴子长,厨少食物多)Blood flood / foot cook/u/food root shoot boot /u:/u：/afternoon,balloon, broom, choose classroom, room, school, smooth soon, spoon, too, too

45、l, tooth, wool, zoobathroom dinning-room bedroom /u/ poor /u/outdoor(s) floor door /:/ou/au/blouse house ground mouth pronounce trousers thousand sound shout mountain cloudy out aloud aroundWould, wound, should /u/cough /southern /anxious /u/country touch trouble young/famous nervous poisonous/u:/gr

46、oup wound route you youth/u/soul shoulderough在t前/:/Brought, bought, fought, thoughtPlough /au/; through /u:/ cough /f/ ;thorough /u/though althoughour/:/ /au/four, course /:/;hour our /au/tour /u/journey /:/在词尾/colour labourow/au/towel downstairs brown flower down town allow howknowledge /u/low, sho

47、w throw below grow slow window snow know own bowl blowuure/ju/cure puresure surely例外：/u/pleasure temperature creature future, cultureui/ju:/ /ju(:)i/suit suitable suicidebuild / i /在l,r,j后 /u:/ /ui/u:/fruit juice; /ui/ ruin fluidur/:/nurse burn 3、 辅音字母&辅音字母组合的读音： 辅音字母位置与读音例 词例外b/b/bed beg jobbt,mb在词

48、尾时不发音doubt debt climb tomb bombc在a,o,u,l前/k/cold climate clean music cat colour cup class， cause cast comfortocean /在e,i,y前/s/center century city decide bicycle concert percent rice nice在ia,ie,io前/social musician especial ancient sufficient precious deliciousd/d/desk redhandsome handkerchief不发音dge在词

49、尾/d/bridge judge edge knowledgef/f/five beefof /v/ften/fn/often softeng/g/big give goal glass glad在e,i,y前/d/age page large language orange giant gymget /g/h/h/hand hen behind heavyhour honest exhibition honour forehead不发音n/n/Line nine nice spend corner sun winter在/k/音前/thank uncle bank think ink anx

50、ious franc hungry wrinkleFrance /n/ ( /fra:ns/ )s尤其在词首:/s/sit save safely base send尤其在两个元音字母之间/z/as besides busy composition desire husband music peasant physics season thousand Thursday visit在u,ia前/ /sure,sugar, Russia,Asia,pressure/pleasure usual measure treasuret/ t /ten net在ia,ie前/patient辅音字母组合的

51、读音ch(tch)/t/teach child chalk change check channel research China chair reach match patch snatch fetch watchmachine moustache/sandwich /d/k/school stomach Christmas headache chemicalck/k/cock black pick package stick quicklycc在a,o,u前/k/occur soccer tobacco occasion according occupy claim在e,i,y音前/ks/

52、Accept accident succeed successng在词尾/sing long something thing taking wronglength singer /Engels /g/strange. passenger orange, engineer/nd/在词中/g/language English anger hunger fingergh/f/enough laugh enough roughghost /g/在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不发音high light height although delight fight night eight straight

53、bought taught neighbor sigh ploughph/f/photo phone phrase physics nephew telephone elephant geographyth/think month breath south earth anything three through fifth thing health healthy worth cloth bath mouthth在词首或词尾，smooth例外：/词尾的the,ther/，在虚词（代、冠、介、连词）/weather whether father brother southern norther

54、n feather neither further another gather breathe bathe clothes with without within this the then than there though (th在词首或词尾)healthy例外：/worthy /mouths, paths youths baths /z/wh/w/why while what white which whether在o音前/h/who whole whom whose wholex/ks/exhibition explain在重读章节中元音前/gz/example exist exhi

55、bitn/n/winter dance在/k/g/前/g/hungry thankgn词尾/n/sign design foreigngu在词首/g/guess guide guard guest gun在词中/gw/languagegue在词尾/g/dialogue leaguetougue 不发音kn在词首/n/know knock knowledge knife kneemn在词尾/n/autumn column在词中/mn/gymnast, gymnastics, gymnasiumqu在词首 /kw/quite quick quiet question queenque在词尾/k/u

56、nique cheque techniquession/n/expression discussion possessionsion/n/decision television revision conclusiontion/n/education direction situation station nation在/s/音后/tn/question suggestionsc在a,o,u前/sk/describe escape rescue scold scream scale score scarf在i,e,y前/s/scene sciencesh/ash ashamed bush dis

57、h finish fishsten/sn/listen fastenstle/sl/whistle castleture/t/picture lecture temperaturewr在o前/h/who whom whose whole4、-r音节的读音-r音节读音例词例外ar/:/car farm card party hard March article market pardon bookmarkwarm toward war warn/:/ ward reward /er/:/perfect iceberg her term serve certain verb person Germ

58、an referclerk 美语中读 /:/ir/:/Girl dirty first bird circle firm sir thirstor/:/horse morning storm sport forty force order corner important normal在W后读/:/，如：work worker word worse worstur/:/church curtain nurse turn Thursday return fur further burst purse hurt surface purpose disturbhurry /ar,er,orur非重读音节/worker waiter driver forbid mirror murder surround surprise partic