学术英语(人文社科类)Unit.ppt

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1、5,Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and artistic achievements.,Text A,Critical reading

2、and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture,the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals,adapta

3、tions to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis

4、,the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combin

5、ed into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5),3 Innovation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 4 Globalization,the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and fina

6、ncial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 5 Diffusion,the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur thr

7、ough a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization,the process through which the principles of the fast-f

8、ood restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the world,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found

9、a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: the McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking

10、of Text A,In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by

11、 Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 7 Technology,cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has incre

12、ased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 8 Material culture,the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factorie

13、s, and raw materials,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 9 Nonmaterial culture,ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.,Unit 5So

14、ciology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 10 Cultural lag,the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.

15、12),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Collocation,Text A,English language for academic purpose,人们对衣食住的需求 推出新概念 解除现有的工作关系 改变社会传统和习俗,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96), peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working

16、 relationships transform the traditions and customs of the society,Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,English language for academic purpose, dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and cen

17、sorship,削弱社会文化中的特殊方面 来自于其他国家的文化侵略 满足人类的需求和欲望 关于隐私和审查的问题,Collocation,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96),Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Colloc

18、ation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,human needs and desires level of privacy material culture social consequences working relationship worldwide integration,2,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Ma

19、tters,Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan. Sociologists use the term “globalization” to refer to the resulting _ of government policies, cultures,

20、 social movements and financial markets.,level of privacy,social consequences,worldwide integration,2,Text A,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,A final recommendation of the consultants was a

21、 radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members. In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.,human need

22、s and desires,material culture,working relationship,2,Signpost language,may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classified,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Task 2

23、Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,In academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging.,English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Modal auxiliary verbs:can

24、, could, may, might, should, would Other modal verbs:appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives:likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Frequency adverbs:generally, occasionally, often, seldom, usually,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,2,Tas

25、k 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society _ let i

26、ts members choose their own marriage partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.,may,may,may,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government polici

27、es, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”,may,could,English language for academic purpose,Text A,2,Task 3

28、 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost. Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them. Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.,likely,usually,perhaps,English language for academic purpose,