英语专业四级词汇语法辅导-从句.ppt

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1、英语专业四级考试词汇语法篇,Company Logo,语法与词汇,1. 考试大纲要求： 能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容，掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。 测试时间为15分钟，题型为多项选择题，共30道题，每题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分30分，所占总分比重为15%。,Company Logo,语法与词汇,2. 历年考试与考点分析 语法部分 根据下面分析可以发现，历年

2、英语专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。其中，考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。,Company Logo,从句要点,从句可分为： 副词性从句：状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 形容词性从句：定语从句 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,时间状语从句,Company Logo,时间状语从句-常用的连词,表示“当的时候”：when，while, as, just as, next ti

3、me (下次)，the last time (上次的时候) 表示时间先后：after, before, when 用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywhen，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever since,Company Logo,时间状语从句-常用的连词,表示习惯性，经常性“每次”：each time, every time, whenever 表示“一旦”：as soon as, once 表示“直到”：the instant, the moment,

4、 the minute, the second, the day, until, till,Company Logo,时间状语从句-注意事项,1. 时态： 1) 时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。 I wont have dinner until my mother comes back. I will discuss this with you when we meet.,Company Logo,2) 用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywh

5、en，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever since,Company Logo,注意事项,no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen, 这一结构的时态搭配， no sooner 与hardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时，而than与when从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和 hardly/scarcely提到句首时，就用倒装语序。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home

6、when it began to rain.,Company Logo,注意事项,2.特殊时间状语从句 The police went into action _ they heard the alarm. A. promptly B. presently C. quickly D. directly I will telephone you directly/ immediately/ instantly/the moment I hear the news.,Company Logo,注意事项,3. It + be + 时间 + before-clause 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时

7、间的词语(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为过多长时间才.。 主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为没过多长时间就.。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。 例如： It was long/one year before she came home. It will not be long before we meet again. It was a long time _ th

8、e guards discovered what had happened. A before B until C since D when,Company Logo,真题,60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left. (2009) A. when B. as C. until D. than 56. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in Paris last year. (2008)A. when B. which C. that D. whe

9、re D A,Company Logo,真题,1. Come and see me whenever _. (1997-48) A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you,c,条件状语从句,Company Logo,条件状语从句,常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要， only if, once, on condition that (条件是), provided/providing (tha

10、t), suppose/supposing (that) (多用于问句)，assuming (that), in the event (that), in case (that), given (that)等。,Company Logo,条件状语从句注意事项,如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如: As long as I live, I shall work hard. I shall not go to the cinema unless I finish my homework. In the event that our team wins, there will be

11、 a big celebration.,Company Logo,Only if vs. if only,only if 引起的条件状语从句，是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”，表示“只有(才) ；只有在的时候；唯一的条件是”的意思；与if引起的一般条件句相比，它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如： Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night. 只有患者情况紧急时，你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。 2. if only引导的条件句，通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某

12、种强烈愿望，相当于as long as。它可以独立使用，用来表示由于客观条件限制，为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情，常用虚拟语气。例如： If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！,Company Logo,注意,Only if置于句首，需要倒装 If only用于虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时，表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”,Company Logo,真题,1. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to

13、 do, _that he paid me back the following week. (2005-64) A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if 2._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would CA,Company Logo,真题,3. You wont get

14、 a loan _ you can offer some security. (1996-41) A. lest B. in case C. unless D other than C,原因状语从句,Company Logo,原因状语从句,引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now (that), seeing (that), for the reason that, in that, considering that。,Company Logo,原因状语从句,Because, since, as和for because语气最强，强调原因。回答“why”问句。

15、表原因的强调句型中，也只用because。在“notbut”结构中，也用它。 e.g. He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill. since语气弱于because, 其次是as，for的语气最弱。Since和as往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因，强调主句。For表示一种解释说明。,Company Logo,Since 和now (that),since 既然：用来表达众所周知的理由 Since weve no

16、money , we cant buy it. Since you are going , I will go too. now (that ) 既然, 表示新出现的情况 Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further. Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .你已康复，可以远行了。,Company Logo,原因状语从句 -真题,Barry had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (20

17、01-49) A. ever since B. in that C. at that D. so that 54. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008) A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which,让步状语从句,Company Logo,让步状语从句,常用though/although，as （尽管），much as(不管，尽管)，in spite of the fact that, while, even if/though，for all (尽管)，howev

18、er，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等引导。,Company Logo,让步状语从句 -though, although,Although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语） 注意： 1）though还可以用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。 He said he would come; he didnt,

19、though. 2）though引导的从句也可象as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。,Company Logo,让步状语从句-even if, even though,Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（他知道这个秘密）. Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（不确定他是否知道这个秘密）. though 常表示一些已经确定的消息，而if由它本身所带的“如果”的含义，表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。 Even though 是

20、“虽说”，而Even if 是“就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。,Company Logo,让步状语从句-as, though,as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=T

21、hough he works hard, he makes little progress.) 注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。,Company Logo,让步状语从句 -Whether.or.（不管.还是.）,Whether you be

22、lieve it or not, it is true.,Company Logo,让步状语从句- no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever,No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how

23、= however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.,Company Logo,however,however为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，其意义和作用相当于no matter how。 可用于如下结构： howev

24、er + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. Well have to finish the jog, however long it takes.,Company Logo,真题,1. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005-52) A. Although he is a socialist B. Even if he is a socialist C. Bein

25、g a socialist D. Since he is a socialist 2. _I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003-49) A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as,A D,Company Logo,真题,3. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002-48) A. who B. as C. that D. like 4. _he always tries his best to c

26、omplete it on time. (1999-51) A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task is C. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the task,B B,Company Logo,真题,5. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash. (1999-52) A. I would have liked to B. I would l

27、ike to have C. I should have to like D. I should have liked to 6. _he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998-48) A. Much as B. Much though C. As much D. Though much,A A,Company Logo,真题,7. _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. (1997-46) A.

28、Instead of his contributions C. His making notable contributions B. For all his notable contributions D. However his notable contributions,B,Company Logo,8. _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008) A. Much though B. Much as C. As m

29、uch D. Though much B,比较状语从句,Company Logo,比较状语从句,常用as, than, the morethe more, Just as, so; A is to B what C is to D; as A is to B, (so) C is to D; no more than; not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)等。 It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing. As a man lives, so he dies. Her mother is not as tall as sh

30、e (is).,Company Logo,比较结构中的省略,More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句, 从句中常见的形容词有：necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think. - The man drank a little more than was good for him. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him. - There were more accidents than (wh

31、at) was reported. - He eats more than (what/it) is good for him. As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句 - He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him. - The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.,Company Logo,比较状语从句,1. The experiment requires more money than_. (2002-49) A. have been put in B. being put in C. has

32、 been put in D. to be put in 2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today.(1999) A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to exist,C A,Company Logo,3. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _Eastern Nebraska. (1996) A. in B. it r

33、eceives in C. does D. it does in 4. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as _. (2008) A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was. C B,Company Logo,1. _ the two, Bob is _ student. (1995) A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligent C. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent 2. Ma

34、ry is _ than Alice.(1992) A. more experienced a teacher B. a more experienced teacher C. more an experienced teacher D. more experienced teacher 3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _ to the truck.(2003) A. the greater stress is B. greater is the stress

35、 C. the stress is greater D. the greater the stress CBA,Company Logo,1. Twelve is to three _ four is to one. A. what B. as C. that D. like 2. Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body. (2001-45) A. what B. as C. that D. like A A,Company Logo,Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into

36、fat. A. any more than B. no more than C. no less than D. much more than A,Company Logo,1. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent. A. so much as B. rather than C. as D. than 2. It is not _ much the language as the background that makes the

37、 book difficult to understand. A. that B. as C. so D. very 3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _ to the professor. (1998-47) A. as far as B. the same as C. as much as D. as long as ACC,结果状语从句,Company Logo,结果状语从句,常用sothat, suchthat, to the extent that, to the degree that

38、, to such a degree that, so much so that, 等。,Company Logo,结果状语从句,e.g. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. e.g. He was excited to such a degree that he couldnt sleep last night.,Company Logo,结果状语从句,1. so much so that用于形容词或副词后，表示“到如此程度以至于” e.g.

39、He was very weak, so much so that he couldnt walk. 2. 当名词前有little, few, much, many修饰时，要用so，不用such. e.g. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. 3. sothat结构有时可以放于句首，要用倒装。 e.g. So bright is the little boy that he has learned 100 poems up to now.,Company Logo,结果状语从句 so that 和such that,so + 形容

40、词或副词+ that ； such + 名词+ that 。He ran so fast that his brother couldnt catch up with him . 他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。 He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood .他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。,Company Logo,Does Alan like hamburgers？ Yes. So much _that he eats them almost every day. （2003） A.

41、 for B. as C. to D. so His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to,方式状语从句,Company Logo,方式状语从句,方式状语从句放在主句之后, as, just as, (just) asso, as if/though, the way等引导。as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如: The old man run

42、s very fast as if he were a young man. The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is.,Company Logo,the way,the way后面的引导词常用that,而且经常省略。一般不用in which。例如: We didnt like the way_ he treated us. (A. which B. where C. that D. in which) 此题答案应该是C。所以the way一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。 Sometimes we

43、 teach our children the way our parents have taught us. (以的方式),Company Logo,真题,She did her work _ her manager had instructed. (2002-41) A. as B. until C. when D. though,定语从句,Company Logo,Company Logo,关联词在定语从句中有三个作用： a.引导定语从句 b.在从句中代替先行词 c.在从句中担任某一句子成份,一、先行词是指物的名词或代词时，关系代词用that, which。 （一） that 与 whi

44、ch 指物时一般情况可以互换，但在下列情况下通常用that, 不用which。 1.当先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词或代词）是everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some 等不定代词时。,e.g. All that can be done has been done. Is there anything that you want?,2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, t

45、he very, the right, some 修饰时，常用that。,e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. There is no difficulty that we cant overcome.,3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，用that。 e.g. This is the first letter that Ive written in English. She is the most careful student that Ive ever known.,4. 两个并列的先行词，既有指人的，也有指物

46、的，用that。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.,5. 当被修饰的成份在主句中是系动词be后的表语或关系词本身在定语从句中做表语，用that。 （be的分类: a. am, is, are. b. 表变化的get. c. 感观动词look, smell. d. 表保持的stay.) e.g. China isnt the country that she used to be fifty years ago. Its a book that will h

47、elp you a great deal.,6. 当主句是由who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句（不管指人指物）用that。 e.g. Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop? What did you hear that made you so angry? Which is the task, that overtook as yesterday?,7. 主句是由“There be + 主语（表物）”开头时，定语从句用that。 e.g. There is a seat that is still free. There a

48、re two tickets that are for you.,8. 当先行词是基数词时常用that。 e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see the two that are still alive.,真题,1. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. A. whose B. as C. what D. that 2. He is

49、 quite worn out form years of hard work. He is not the man _he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whom,D B,真题,3. I have never been to London, but that is the city _. A. where I like to visit most B. Id like to visit C. which I like to visit mostly D. where Id like most to visit 4. Ive

50、never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _. A. Id most like to visit B. where I like to visit C. which I like to visit mostly D. Id like much to visit 5. there is no one in the world _. A. that ever made mistakes B. that has ever made mistakes C. that never makes mistakes D. that sometimes makes mist

51、akes,B A C,（二） that与which指物时用which而不用that的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中用which。 2. 当关系代词的前面有介词时。 e.g. This is the factory in which we once worked. 3. 当先行词本身是that或those(指物)时，用which引导。 e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now. 4. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时。 e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, Ive told you,

52、will help improve your English.,二、当先行词是指人的名词时，通常用who, that, whom 引导，但在下列情况下定语从句只用who不用that。 1. 先行词为the one, ones, anyone等时 e.g. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行词为those( 指人)或被those修饰时 e.g. Those who learn not only from books, but also through practice will succeed.,3. 在由“There be +

53、 主语(指人)”开头的句子中 e.g. There is a man outside who wants to see you. 4. 当先行词带有较长的后置定语时 e.g. The woman in blue with a boy on her back who is working in the fields. 5. 在非限制性定语从句中用who。,三、关系代词as,1. 引导限制性定语从句，常与such或the same连用，构成the sameas; suchas结构，as用于代替指人或指物的先行词。 e.g. I have got into the same trouble as h

54、e (has). e.g. He is not such a boy as would cheat in the exam.,关系代词as,2.引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，意思“正如”，位置比较灵活，既可以指代前面提到的内容，也可指后面要提到的内容。 e.g. As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way. e.g. The test is cancelled as you have hoped. e.g. The test, as yo

55、u have hoped, is cancelled.,在引导非限制性定语从句时 ,as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。不同之处： 、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面，也可位于主句之前；而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。 、as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。As you expected, he turned up on time. 正如你所愿，他按时到了。 As is said above, he has conquered th

56、e difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。,关系代词as和which,It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B.,真题,1. Only take such clothes _ really necessary. A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are _ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activi

57、ty and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. A. That B. It C. This D. As,D D,关系副词引导的定语从句,四、where (=at, in which)表地点 e.g. That is the place where they met for the first time. 注意：在下列“case, policy, point, condition, situation, circumstance”等表示“情况，方面，条件”等词引导定语从句时，也用where，等于under which. e

58、.g. Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.,真题,1. This company has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work. A. which B. where C. whether D. what 2. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot

59、 agree with him. A. by which B. that C. in where D. where B D,“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句,1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which/whom,不能用that。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，of which/whom可以用来修饰不定代词all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several等。 e.g. Many people came to her party, most of whom were h

60、er former classmates. e.g. There are 50 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south. 3. “介词which+名词”引导的定语从句 e.g. He spent two years in the U.S.A., during which period she studied law. e.g. Water boils at 100C, at which temperature it changes into gas.,真题,That is the robber _ arrest a

61、reward was offered. A. for whom B. for whose C. about whom D. about whose,B,关系代词和关系副词的省略,1. 在从句中作直接宾语时 2. 当that在从句中作补语时 e.g. He is all (that) a teacher should be. e.g. He is not the man (that) he used to be. 3. there be结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be时，用作主语的关系代词that, who可以省略 e.g. There is a man downstair

62、s (who) wants to see you. e.g. This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.,关系代词和关系副词的省略,4. 先行词是reason，且在定语从句中作原因状语时，关系代词why或that，也可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 5. 先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代常用that，也可省略。 e.g. That was the way (that) she worked the problem

63、out. 注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不省略。 e.g. I dont know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountain.,关系代词what的用法,1. “what is (was)+形容词比较级”，“更，尤其”，常作插入语。如：whats more; whats worse. Great men are often unknown or whats worse, mis-known. 2. what既可指人，也可指物，“的（人或物）”。 e.g. This is what you call fashion? e.g.

64、Never pretend to be what you are not. 3. “what名词”相当于“all the+名词that”，what在从句中作定语。 e.g. We will give you what help we can. (=all the help that),真题,She managed to save _ she could out of her wages to help her brother. A. how little money B. so little money C. such little money D. what little money,D,B

65、UT 用法,but作关系代词相当于whonot, whichnot, thatnot。其先行词一般为表示否定意义的词。只用于限定性定语从句。 e.g. There is no man but errs. (There is no man who doesnt err.) e.g. There are very few but admire his talents. (but=who dont) 注：there be结构在此类句型中有时可以省略。 e.g. (There is )No rule but has exceptions.,than 用法,关系代词than 一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。 e.g. You spent more money than