语用学合作原则

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1、a1Language in Use 语用学：合作原则语用学：合作原则马靖香 a2Contents:123Violation of CP Exercises and HomeworkThe Cooperative Principlea3 Meanings of“Meaning”“含义”的含义是什么呢？Discussion:Warming-up Questiona4Conceptual meaning-associative meaningLiteral meaning-pragmatic meaningConnotative meaning-denotative meaninga5 Yes!Th

2、ere are a lot of meanings.But,what do you mean now?a6 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)CP的提出：by Herbert Paul Grice,1975,“Logic and Conversation”a7 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)Grice(1975):在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。a8说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。a9 The

3、Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)2.Contents of CP(合作原则的内容)Quality质质Quantity量量Relation相关相关Manner方式方式a10 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)1)Make your contribution as informative as required.2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Quantity量量不多说，不多说，也不少说。也不少说。a11 The Cooperativ

4、e Principle(合作原则合作原则)Try to make your contribution one that is true:1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Quality质质说真话说真话a12 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则合作原则)Be relevant.话题要相关。Relation相关相关说话要相说话要相关，贴切。关，贴切。a13 The Cooperative Principle(合作原

5、则合作原则)Be perspicuous,and specifically:1)avoid obscurity of expression.避免晦涩 2)avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3)be brief.简单明了 4)be orderly.井井有条Manner方式方式a14In short:Sub-consciously or even unconsciously,when we speak,we generally have something like the CP in our mind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。We will try to say things w

6、hich are true,relevant,as well as informative enough,and in a clear manner.a15That is:Human beings try to speak sincerely,relevantly and clearly,while providing sufficient information.说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。a16But:The view may describe a philosophers paradise,but no one actually speaks li

7、ke that the whole time.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。a17Violation of CPViolation of Quantity(量的违反)A:Would you mind telling me your address?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:Somewhere In the south of Handan.1.(我住在邯郸的南边。)a18Violation of CPViolation of Quantity(量的违反)2.A:Where is Joh

8、n?(约翰在哪呢？)B:Hes gone to the library.He said so when he left.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)a19Violation of CPViolation of Quantity(量的违反)3.Boys are boys！男孩毕竟是男孩！4.War is war.战争就是战争。a20Violation of CPViolation of Quality(质的违反)1.She is made of iron.她是铁娘子。2.“用了xx 产品，今年20，明年18。”3.“皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”a21Violation of CPViolati

9、on of Relation(相关性的违反)(一个宴会上)1.A:You know?Professor Lis wife is a bald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!What a nice day!Isnt it?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)a22Violation of CPViolation of Relation(相关性的违反)2.A:Hows her term paper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Her handwriting is quite beautiful!(她书法不错！)a23Violation of CPViolation of Manner(

10、方式的违反)the needy(需要者需要者)-the poor(穷人穷人)In difficulties(有困难有困难)-in debt(负债负债)to die(死死)-to pass away(离开了离开了)to go to another world(去了另一个去了另一个世界世界)a24Exercises（练习（练习1）Internet language（网络语言）顶！Supporting!a25Exercises（练习（练习2）Internet language（网络语言）哥哥&美眉（妹妹）a26Exercises（练习（练习3）A:哪？B:家。A:See电视？B:写读书报告。A:可怜

11、！同情inga27Exercises（练习（练习4）小时候梦想成为一名政治家，不是politician，而是statesman；稍大点，又想成为商人，成功的那种如今呢？我只想过房子，牛奶和面包都有的日子嘎嘎娃哈哈我沦陷了#$#$a28Exercises（练习（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁店广告：“天下无贼”a29Violation of CP occurs,what follows?a30Violation of CP occurs,what follows?Implicature (会话含义，言外之意会话含义，言外之意)a31Exercises（练习（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁

12、店广告：“天下无贼”a32Boy(男):Youre beautiful without wearing the glasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。a33Boy(男):Youre beautiful without wearing the glasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。Girl(女)：You mean Im not beautiful when I wear glasses?你的意思是说我戴眼 镜的时候不漂亮了？a34Conclusion（总结）（总结）1)CP is the basic principle of human beings communication.Howeve

13、r,it does not mean CP will be followed by everybody all the time.2)When CP is violated,usually,a special implicature arises.a35The definition of conversational implicature Conversational implicature means the additional,unstated meaning,that is,what a speaker can imply,suggest,or mean more than what

14、 is said,as distinct from what the speaker literally says.The word“implicature”is created by Grice,an American philosopher.a36Features of conversational implicature 1.cancellability or defeasibility(可可被撤消被撤消,可被废弃可被废弃)Conversational implicature can be cancellable or more exactly defeasible An inferen

15、ce is defeasible if it is possible to cancel it by adding some additional premises to the original ones.a37An example A:Dear Sir,Mr.Xs command of English is excellent and his attendance at tutorials has been regular,yours,etc.(violation of quantity)Dear Sir,Mr.Xs command of English is excellent and

16、his attendance at tutorials has been regular.However,his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job.a38Features of conversational implicature2.Non detachability（不可分离性）（不可分离性）They can be non-detachable.By this Grice means that the implicature is attached to the semantic c

17、ontent of what is said,not to linguistic form,and therefore implicatures cannot be detached from an utterance simply by changing the words of the utterance for synonyms.a39不可分离性 会话含义是依附于话语的语义内容，而不是语言形式。因此，我们能用同义成分来替换话语的某一部分，而不改变原来的含义。a40例如例如（讽刺口吻）（讽刺口吻）Johns a genius.John is a mental prodigy.(智力奇才)J

18、ohn is an exceptionally clever human being.Johns a big brain.Johns an idiot.a41Features of conversational implicature 3.Calculability（可推导性）（可推导性）The listener can conclude the corresponding conversational implicature from the literal meaning of the words,the rules of the cooperative principle and the

19、 context.I can eat more.(the amount of food I can take can be measured in quantity.)a42Features of conversational implicature 4.Non-conventionality（非规约性）（非规约性）Implicatures are non-conventional,that is,not part of the conventional meaning of linguistic expressions.Its cold outside.(statement of weather;advice to put on more clothes,or refusal to go out)a43Homework(作业作业)Try to analyze the euphemism from CP perspective.试用语用学中合作原则的理论分析委婉语的使用a44Thank you!