2022年高考英语专题复习 词义猜测学案

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1、2022年高考英语专题复习 词义猜测学案阅读理解专题四：词义猜测题Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremel

2、y delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless theyre eating it, or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal bee seethrough? Its tr

3、ickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering a

4、nd absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transparent object doesnt absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesnt look very different from t

5、he surrounding air or water. You dont see ityou see the things behind it.To bee transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments (色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesnt h

6、ave pigments, so its tissues wont absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materialsskin, fat, and moreand light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves

7、 into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be seethrough. Others build a large, clear mass of nonliving jellylike (

8、果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how theyre doing it is still unknown. One thing is cle

9、ar: for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a nontransparent milky white.63According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_.Astay in groups Bcan be easily damagedCappear only in deep ocean Dare beautiful creatures64The underlined word “dead” in Para

10、graph 3 means _.Asilently Bgradually Cregularly Dpletely65One way for an animal to bee transparent is to _.Achange the direction of light travel Bgather materials to scatter lightCavoid the absorption of light Dgrow bigger to stop light66The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals _.

11、Amove more slowly in deep water Bstay seethrough even after deathCproduce more tissues for their survivalDtake effective action to reduce light spreading根据提示将答案写在横线上。Step 1：浏览问题，速读全文。本文是一篇_文，向读者介绍了_的原因。Step 2：审题、解题。63_。考查_。根据文章第一段第三句话“Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simpl

12、e touch”可知透明的动物很容易被伤害。_。根据第三段中第四句话前半句其他的动物吸收光，可以猜出后面是完全地阻止光的传播，画线单词的意思应为“完全地”。65_。考查_。根据第五段第一句话可知，要想变得透明，动物需要避免它的身体吸收光或散射光。66_。考查_。根据最后一段可知，较大的动物保持透明是一个积极的过程，而根据前文我们知道保持透明需要减少光的扩散。Step 3：验证答案。认真分析题干与选项以及与题干相关的信息，结合文章主题验证答案正确与否。技法点拨突破高考题型概述TIXINGGAISHUxx年高考英语新课标全国卷考试说明中，对该类型的考题由原来“根据上下文推断生词的含义”变为“根据上

13、下文推断单词和短语的含义”。显然，该类型题目需要我们引起高度的重视。1(1)What does the underlined word mean in the.?(2)The word “.” probably refers to.其中均含有word or underlined word。2(1)The term/sentence in.can be replaced by.(2)What does the underlined phrase/sentence mean in the last paragraph?根据命题方式的不同，结合xx年高考英语考试说明，我们对此类型题目分为三类进行讲解

14、：词汇意义猜测题、猜测短语或句意题、猜测指代题。1词汇意义猜测题(1)利用构词法猜测词义词根是单词最重要的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意思，所以掌握各种词根、前缀、后缀等的基本含义，猜测新词义会事半功倍。利用构词法猜测的词义，再代入句子进行验证，看是否符合语境，从而确定答案。典例1 What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isnt a prerequisite for a modern growyourown lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre

15、in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can (装罐) and preserve much of the food they consume.55The underlined word “prerequisite” is closest in meaning to “_”Arecipe BSubstitute Crequirement Dchallenge(2)利用定义，解释和举例猜测词义在一些文章中，特别是新闻报道及科普类说明文中，生词后面往往用_等或破折号、冒号引出说明性的内容，有时也用同位语、定语从句进行解释说明。还有些文章经常用例子来说明前面

16、较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生准确猜测生词。文章举例时，常常会用一些连接词，如：_等。典例2 Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65What

17、 does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACountries where their people need help.BPowerful states with higher civilization.CSplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.DGovernments ruled with absolute power.(3)利用上下文信息猜测词义根据上下文信息猜测时既要注意画线词前的信息，也要注意画线词后的信息，尤其是一些同义词，反义词等词语，以及一些过渡词。

18、如：_等。典例3 And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr. Dominoni said, “In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people ing to me saying You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls？

19、. During the breeding (繁殖) season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people cant sleep.”44What does the underlined word “nocturnal”in Paragraph 5 mean?AActive at night. BInactive at night.CActive during the day DInactive during the day.(4)利用常识猜测词义有的生词词义的猜测要求利用自

20、身的生活经验及科学常识进行分析推断。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会制度；了解掌握自然知识、自然现象以及现代科技知识。在猜词过程中要忠于原文信息，不能脱离原文进行夸大猜测。典例4 It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr. Johnsons famous ment that “When two English meet, their first talk

21、is of weather.” Though Johnsons observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most mentators fail to e up with a convincing explanation for this English weatherspeak.Bill Bryson, for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it

22、can hardly be understood. He argues that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.73What does the underlined word “obsession” most

23、probably refer to?AA social trend. BAn emotional state.CA historical concept. DAn unknown phenomenon.2猜测短语或句意题(1)猜测短语的方法同猜测词义的方法大致相同。有时先注意分析短语的意思，然后结合具体语境去推测短语的含义会更有利于解决问题。(2)句意理解题通常需要考生理解的是一个具有概括性的句子或是对谚语、格言警句等的理解，要求考生通过上下文的情景暗示及文章的主题思想来判断句意，只有紧密结合语境，才能既理解其字面意思，也理解其深层含义。典例5Parents who help their ch

24、ildren with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental_involvement,_including volunteering at school and observing a childs class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.58The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragra

25、ph 1 probably means _.Aparents expectation on childrens healthBparents participation in childrens educationCparents control over childrens lifeDparents plan for childrens future3猜测指代题代词指代的名词，往往集中在本句或其上句中，除指代名词外，还可以指代某件事，可以用句子，v.ing形式的短语，动词不定式等表示。因此，解此类题目时，要深入理解代词所在的句子意义。需要好好把握代词所在的段落或前面的段落的整体意思，尤其是主

26、题句。典例6 Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.48What does the underlined word “They” refer to?AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides.1包含该词或短语的基本意思，而非在文章中的含义。2望文生义项，即从原文表面理解该项为正确答案，但深层含义未在其中。