如何写科研论文摘要ppt课件

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1、Writing the Scientific PaperA GLOBAL GAME ACADEMICALLY Publish or perish?WHY PUBLISH?We are judged by our peers in the scientific community,not by our acumen in esoteric diagnosis,and certainly not by how we look or smell,but on what we publish.the old Chinese sage many centuries ago THE STATUS QUO

2、Required to publish Knowing far more what to write than how to write Frustrated by inadequate linguistic competence Inhibited,to a great extent,by the fossilization of the English languageTHE TWO KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITINGClarity Economy IMRADINTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSA

3、ND DISCUSSIONTHE LOGIC OF IMRAD1.What question(problem)was studied?-The answer is the Introduction.2.How was the problem studied?-The answer is the Method.3.What are the findings?-The answer is the Results.4.What do these findings mean?-The answer is the Discussion.How to Write the AbstractKEY WORDS

4、 miniature target journal single/structured abbreviations acronyms self-contained references literature figures and tables stock phrasesTHE REVIEWERS/EDITORS JUDGMENT Decided by readying the Abstract alone THE POTENTIAL READERReading the abstract before deciding whether to read the full paper THE DE

5、FINITION OF THE ABSTRACTIt is a miniature version of the paper.PLACEMENTS OF THE ABSTRACTIn the primary journals:-The target journal2.In the secondary services:-Biological Abstracts -Chemical Abstracts -or one of the other secondary publicationsTWO TYPES OF ABSTRACTS1.Informative -to condense the fu

6、ll paper -as a“heading in the primary journals -often without change in the second services2.Indicative or Descriptive -in review papers,conference reports,the government report literature,etc.TWO FORMS OF ABSTRACTS1.Abstracts of a single paragraph.2.“Structured abstracts consisting of a few brief p

7、aragraphs.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY Meta-Analysis of the Studies Assessing Temporal Changes in Coronary Plaque Volume Using Intravascular UltrasoundGastn A.Rodriguez-Granillo,MD,PhDabc,Pierfrancesco Agostoni,MDbd,Hctor M.Garcia-Garcia,MDab,Giuseppe G.L.Biondi-Zoccai,MDbe,Eugne Mc Fadden,MDa

8、b,Giovanni Amoroso,MD,PhDbd,Peter de Jaegere,MD,PhDab,Nico Bruining,PhDab,Pim de Feyter,MD,PhDab,Patrick W.Serruys,MD,PhDab To assess the temporal effect of statin therapy on coronary atherosclerotic plaque volume measured by intravascular ultrasound(IVUS),we searched PubMed for eligible studies pub

9、lished between 1990 and January 2006.Inclusion criteria for retrieved studies were(1)IVUS volume analysis at baseline and follow-up and(2)statin therapy in 1 group of patients.All data of interest were abstracted in prespecified structured collection forms.Statistical analysis was performed with Rev

10、iew Manager 4.2.Random-effect weighted mean difference(WMD)was used as summary statistics for comparison of continuous variables.Nine studies of 985 patients(with 11 statin treatment arms)were selected.After a mean follow-up of 9.8 4.9 months,we found a significant decrease in coronary plaque volume

11、(WMD 5.77 mm3,95%confidence interval 10.36 to 1.17,p=0.01),with no significant heterogeneity across studies(p=0.47).Prespecified subgroup analyses showed similar trends.Studies in which theachieved low-density lipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol level was 100 mg/dl showed a trend for plaque regression(WMD 7

12、.88 mm3,95%confidence interval 16.31 to 0.55,p=0.07),whereas studies in which the achieved level of LDL cholesterol was 100 mg/dl,the trend was less evident(WMD 4.22 mm3,95%confidence interval 10.27 to 1.82,p=0.17).Plaque volume remained essentially unchanged in patients not treated with statins(WMD

13、 0.13 mm3,95%confidence interval 4.42 to 4.68,p=0.96).In conclusion,statin therapy,particularly when achieving the target LDL level,appears to promote a significantregression of coronary plaque volume as measured by IVUS.THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGYRisk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in P

14、atients WithElevated High-Density Lipoprotein CholesterolDoreen DeFaria Yeh,MDa,Mason W.Freeman,MDab,James B.Meigs,MD,MPHa,Richard W.Grant,MD,MPHaHigh high-density lipoprotein(HDL)levels protect against coronary artery disease(CAD)development.We hypothesized that patients with CAD and high HDL level

15、s would have higher prevalence of other CAD risk factors compared with patients with CAD and normal HDL.We identified 41,982 patients from a single center with normal levels(40 to 60 mg/dl in men,50 to 70 mg/dl in women)or high HDL levels(70 mg/dl in men,80 mg/dl in women)when last measured between

16、January 2000 and April 2004.From this overall population,we characterized a cohort of 1,610 patients with CAD,including 98 patients with high HDL levels.We measured prevalence of traditional CAD risk factors by comparing these 98 patients with patients with CAD and normal HDL levels(n=1,512).We perf

17、ormed manual chart review in patients(n=196)matched 1:1 by age,gender,and HDL level to obtain further detail with regard to differences in family history and lifestyle factors.In patients with CAD,those with high HDL levels(98 of 1,610,6.1%)were of similar age(71.1 vs 69.6 years,p=0.23),had similar

18、prevalence of hypertension(78.6%vs 88.7%,p=0.30),lower levels of low-density lipoprotein(85.3 vs 90.9 mg/dl,p=0.04)and triglycerides(87.1 vs 141.2 mg/dl,p 0.01),and a lower prevalence of diabetes(28.6%vs 38.4%,p=0.05)compared with patients with normal HDL levels.In logistic regression models,patient

19、s with high HDL levels and CAD were less likely to have diabetes(adjusted odds ratio 0.60,95%confidence interval 0.38 to 0.95,p=0.03)or obesity(adjusted odds ratio 0.50,95%confidence interval 0.25 to 0.99,p=0.046)than patients with normal HDL levels and CAD.In conclusion,patients with high HDL and C

20、AD had a similar or lower prevalence of traditional CAD risk factors compared with patients with normal HDL levels and CAD.THE NEW ENGLAND OF MEDICINE A Five-Gene Signature and Clinical Outcome in NonSmall-Cell Lung CancerHsuan-Yu Chen,M.Sc.,Sung-Liang Yu,Ph.D.,Chun-Houh Chen,Ph.D.,Gee-Chen Chang,M.

21、D.,Ph.D.,Chih-Yi Chen,M.D.,Ang Yuan,M.D.,Ph.D.,Chiou-Ling Cheng,M.Sc.,Chien-Hsun Wang,M.Sc.,Harn-Jing Terng,Ph.D.,Shu-Fang Kao,M.Sc.,Wing-Kai Chan,M.D.,Han-Ni Li,M.Sc.,Chun-Chi Liu,M.Sc.,Sher Singh,Ph.D.,Wei J.Chen,M.D.,Sc.D.,Jeremy J.W.Chen,Ph.D.,and Pan-Chyr Yang,M.D.,Ph.D.ABSTRACT Background Curr

22、ent staging methods are inadequate for predicting the outcome of treatment of nonsmall-cell lung cancer(NSCLC).We developed a five-gene signature that is closely associated with survival of patients with NSCLC.Methods We used computer-generated random numbers to assign 185 frozen specimens for micro

23、array analysis,real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis,or both.We studied gene expression in frozen specimens of lung-cancer tissue from 125 randomly selected patients who had undergone surgical resection of NSCLC and evaluated the association between the level of e

24、xpression and survival.We used risk scores and decision-tree analysis to develop a gene-expression model for the prediction of the outcome of treatment of NSCLC.For validation,we used randomly assigned specimens from 60 other patients.Results Sixteen genes that correlated with survival among patient

25、s with NSCLC were identified by analyzing microarray data and risk scores.We selected five genes(DUSP6,MMD,STAT1,ERBB3,and LCK)for RT-PCR and decision-tree analysis.The five-gene signature was an independent predictor of relapse-free and overall survival.We validated the model with data from an inde

26、pendent cohort of 60 patients with NSCLC and with a set of published microarray data from 86 patients with NSCLC.Conclusions Our five-gene signature is closely associated with relapse-free and overall survival among patients with NSCLC.THE NEW ENGLAND OF MEDICINEAspirin and Decreased Adult-Onset Ast

27、hma Randomized Comparisons from the Physicians Health Study R.Graham Barr,Tobias Kurth,Meir J.Stampfer,Julie E.Buring,Charles H.Hennekens and J.Michael Gaziano Rationale:In an observational cohort study,women who self-selected for frequent aspirin use developed less newly diagnosed asthma than women

28、 who did not take aspirin.Objective:To explore whether low-dose aspirin decreased the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial.Methods:The Physicians Health Study randomized 22,071 apparently healthy male physicians,aged 4084 yr at baseline and tolerant of

29、 aspirin,over an 18-wk run-in period,to 325 mg aspirin or placebo on alternate days.The aspirin component was terminated after 4.9 yr due principally to the emergence of a statistically extreme 44%reduction in risk of first myocardial infarction among those randomly assigned to aspirin.Measurements:

30、Physicians could self-report an asthma diagnosis on questionnaires at baseline,6 mo,and annually thereafter.Asthma was not an a priori endpoint of the trial.Results:Among 22,040 physicians without reported asthma at randomization,there were 113 new asthma diagnoses in the aspirin group and 145 in th

31、e placebo group.The hazard ratio was 0.78(95%confidence interval,0.611.00;p=0.045).This apparent 22%lower risk of newly diagnosed asthma among those assigned to aspirin was not modified by baseline characteristics including smoking,body mass index,or age.Conclusions:Aspirin reduced the risk of newly

32、 diagnosed adult-onset asthma in a large,randomized clinical trial of apparently healthy,aspirin-tolerant men.This result requires replication in randomized trials designed a priori to test this hypothesis;it does not imply that aspirin improves symptoms in patients with asthma.Key Words:asthma aspi

33、rin NSAIDs analgesics obstructive airways diseaseTHE COVERAGE OF THE ABSTRACTIt should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper:-Introduction -Materials and Methods -Results -DiscussionECONOMY OF WORDS It should normally NOT exceed 250 words.Guidelines for Writing a Good Abs

34、tract State the background information about the investigation briefly.State the principal objective(s)and scope of the investigation.Describe the methods employed.Summarize the results.State the Principal conclusion(s).Write it clearly and concisely.Avoid abbreviations unless absolutely necessary.P

35、lace an acronym within brackets.Make it self-contained e.g.do not contain any references to the literature or to figures and tables in the body of the paper.THE HEART OF THE MATTER Not the dos and donts of the guidelines,but the English language IS THERE A SHORTCUT?Discover it in the published paper

36、sthe biggest and most reliable source of the knowledge about the written language Be aware of the functional and notional language for imitation A PIECE OF ADVICE Read your target journal;Follow the statements and guidelines;Familiarize yourself with the format;Pick up the stock language;Establish a

37、 personal bank of stock phrases for your own use in the future.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Background Information about the InvestigationLess is known about the later survival or reproduction of such persons.It is not known,however,whether there is a threshold weight below which morbidity and

38、mortality are significantly greater.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Background Information about the InvestigationThe use of systemic corticosteroids is a risk factor for the development of posterior subscapsular cataracts,but the association between inhaled corticosteroids and cataracts is uncert

39、ain.Data are limited on the attitudes and practices of physicians regarding assisting the suicide of patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)disease.Limited information is available on trends in the incidence of and mortality due to carcinogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.

40、The Stock Phrases for Stating the Background Information about the InvestigationThere is a dearth of literature in the area of the psychopharmacological management of depression in cancer patients.The role of climate has received relatively little attention.Previous studies have demonstrated that a

41、small number of the 125 medical schools in the United States receive a disproportionately large share of the research awards granted by the National Institutes of Health(NIH).The Stock Phrases for Stating the Background Information about the InvestigationA growing body of evidence suggests that elec

42、tromagnetic interference may occur between cardiac pacemakers and wireless hand-held(cellular)telephones,posing a potential public health problem.Posteroventral medial pallidotomy sometimes produces striking improvement in patients with advanced Parkinsons disease,but the studies to date have involv

43、ed small numbers of patients and short-term follow-up.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Objective(s)and Scope of the InvestigationWe tested the hypothesis that early therapy with inhaled glucocorticoids would decrease the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants.We cond

44、ucted a randomized trial to evaluate early revascularization in patients with cardiogenic shock.We hypothesized that pre-patient charges would increase during the base year and then decrease in subsequent years.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Objective(s)and Scope of the InvestigationWe

45、examined the relation between physicians experience with AIDS and the survival of their patients with AIDS.We investigated the potential role of anorexic agents and other suspected risk factors for primary pulmonary hypertension.We assessed whether the distributes of NIH research awards to medical s

46、chools changed between 1986 and 1977.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Objective(s)and Scope of the InvestigationWe performed a study to determine whether routine testing helps reduce the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative medical complications.To evaluate the relation between e

47、lective cesarean section and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type(HIV-1),we performed a meta-analysis using data on individual patients from 15 prospective cohort studies.The aim of this study was to detect the extent of non-compliance with treatment of schizophrenic patients a

48、nd assess the effectiveness of the intervention program.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Objective(s)and Scope of the InvestigationThe purpose of our study was to determine the value of noninvasive measurements of the velocity of blood flow in the fetal middle cerebral artery for the diag

49、nosis of fetal anemia.This study focused on physicians assessments of changes in the scope of care provided by primary care physicians and their assessments of the appropriateness of the scope of the care that primary care physicians are expected to provide.To address this question,we studied the fu

50、nction of airway epithelial cells and determined the frequency of pulmonary symptoms in patients with systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism,a salt-losing disorder caused loss-of-function mutations in the genes for the epithelial sodium channel.The Stock Phrases for Describing the Methods EmployedWe condu

51、cted a randomized,multicenter trial of inhaled beclomethasone or placebo in 253 infants.We analyzed the neonatal outcomes of death.We conducted an observational study of 9076 residents of metropolitan Worcester,Massachusetts.Using data from the Civil Registration System in Denmark,we established a p

52、opulation-based cohort of 1.75 million persons whose mothers were Danish women born between 1935 and 1978.The Stock Phrases for Describing the Methods EmployedData on preterm infants(those born at 24 to 36 weeks of gestation)were analyzed separately from data on infants delivered at term(37 or more

53、weeks of gestation).Our study included periods before and after the advent of reperfusion therapy.The surveillance system was based on voluntary reporting with the use of a standard case-report form.The Stock Phrases for Describing the Methods EmployedThe children with cerebral palsy were compared w

54、ith randomly selected control children with respect to characteristics noted in the birth records.Cluster analysis was chosen as it offers a statistically sound means of delineating natural grouping within data.Medical records were reviewed for clinical data.The Stock Phrases for Summarizing the Res

55、ultsThe results of a multivariable regression analysis indicated that the patients hospitalized during recent study years were not at a substantially lower risk for shock than patients hospitalized in the mid-to-late 1970s.The incidence of cardiogenic shock remained relatively stable over time avera

56、ging 7.1 percent among patients with acute myocardial infarction.Results suggested that the effects of stress have more to do with the characteristics of the work environment and overall workload than with the degree of specialization on the unit.The Stock Phrases for Summarizing the ResultsBlood pr

57、essure was correlated inversely with monthly maximal temperature and directly with minimal humidity.There was no clinically significant interference when the telephone was placed in the normal position over the ear.Adjusting for the use of systemic corticosteroids and other potential confounders had

58、 little effect on the magnitude of the associations.The Stock Phrases for Summarizing the ResultsBeing on leave was found to be associated with the need for assistance with transportation,limitations in upper-body strength,and employment in jobs requiring physical activity.After adjusting for these

59、factors,the racial difference was reduced and no longer statistically significant.The trial did not have sufficient statistical power to detect differences in survival to hospital discharge,which differed only slightly between the two groups.The Stock Phrases for Summarizing the ResultsThese associa

60、tions persisted when the data were stratified according to and controlled for 16 biologic,sociodemographic,and behavioral risk factors.There were no significant adverse effects of vitamin E.Electron microscopic analyses revealed that the cone angles of synthetic cores were indeed quantized into the

61、five allowed angles.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Conclusion(s)These findings may have relevance to human neurodevelopment disorders involving prenatal(drug-abusing mothers)or postnatal(pediatric anesthesia)exposure to drugs that block NMDA receptors.This finding emphasizes the importa

62、nce of achieving cures and of preventing anyone with infectious tuberculosis.These findings may have implications for antihypertensive therapy in different parts of the world.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Conclusion(s)These observations suggest that the core of HIV is organized on the

63、principles of a fullerene cone,in analogy to structures recently observed for elemental carbon.Selective manipulations of activity at these sites may offer therapeutic possibilities for treating chronic pain.The discovery of this DNA demethylase should provide a basis for the molecular and developme

64、ntal analysis of the role of DNA methylation and demethylation.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Conclusion(s)This new technique shows promise as a noninvasive method of diagnosing pulmonary embolism without the need for ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast material.Efforts to increase

65、 the rate of surgical treatment for black patients appear to be a promising way of improving survival in this group.A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against IgE has potential as a treatment for subjects with moderate or severe allergic asthma.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Pri

66、ncipal Conclusion(s)Our data do not support the hypothesis that everyday exercise is related to the risk of breast cancer.Our analyses suggest that the lower survival rate among black patients with early-stage,non-small-cell lung cancer,as compared with white patients,is largely explained by the lower rate of surgical treatment among blacks.Infliximab is an efficacious treatment for fistulas in patients with Crohns disease.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Conclusion(s)High-frequency m